Nature 1993, 362:446–447.PubMedCrossRef 39. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1987. Authors’ contributions Experiments were carried out NVP-HSP990 research buy by YD, AL, JW, TZ, SC, JL, YHD. Data analysis was finished by YD and LHZ. The study was designed by YD and LHZ, who also drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Cell Cycle inhibitor Background Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming bacteria [1], and are the most important constituents of human and animal intestinal microbiota [2, 3]. Recently,

news species of bifidobacteria have been described [4–6] and now more than 30 species have been included in this genus. Bifidobacterium spp. can be detected in various ecological environments, such as intestines of different vertebrates and invertebrates, dairy products, dental caries and sewage. Considering the increasing application of Bifidobacterium spp. as protective and probiotic cultures [7–9], and the fast enlargement of the genus, easy identification tools to discriminate new isolates are essential. Moreover, their correct taxonomic identification is of outmost importance for their use as probiotics [2]. Conventional identification and classification of Bifidobacterium species have been based on phenotypic selleckchem and biochemical features, such as cell morphology, carbohydrate

fermentation profiles, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of soluble cellular proteins [10]. In the last years several molecular techniques have been proposed in order to identify bifidobacteria. Most available bifidobacterial identification tools are

based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, such as ARDRA [11, 12], DGGE [13] and PCR with the use of species-specific primers [14–16]. However, 16S rDNA of Bifidobacterium spp. has a high similarity, ranging from 87.7 to 99.5% and bifidobacterial closely related species (e.g. B. catenulatum and B. pseudocatenulatum) or subspecies (e.g. B. longum and B. animalis subspecies) even possess identical 16S BCKDHB rRNA gene sequences [17, 18]. For this reason different molecular approaches have been tested based on repetitive genome sequences amplification, such as ERIC-PCR [19, 20], BOX-PCR [21, 22] or RAPD fingerprinting analysis [23]. These fingerprinting methods have the disadvantage of a low reproducibility, and they need strict standardization of PCR conditions. The use of different polymerases, DNA/primer ratios or different annealing temperatures may lead to a discrepancy in the results obtained in different laboratories [24]. In recent years alternative molecular markers have been proposed for bifidobacteria identification (e.g. hsp60, recA, tuf, atpD, dnaK) and Ventura et al. [18] developed a multilocus approach, based on sequencing results, for the analysis of bifidobacteria evolution.