We also thank the patients who took part in this study. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose

levels and dyslipidemia. Bile salt sequestration has been found to improve both plasma glycemic control and cholesterol profiles in diabetic patients. Yet bile salt sequestration is also known to affect NVP-BKM120 triglyceride (TG) metabolism, possibly through signaling pathways involving farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor α (LXRα). We quantitatively assessed kinetic parameters of bile salt metabolism in lean C57Bl/6J and in obese, diabetic db/db mice upon bile salt sequestration using colesevelam HCl (2% wt/wt in diet) and related these to quantitative changes in hepatic lipid metabolism. As expected, bile salt sequestration reduced intestinal bile salt reabsorption. Importantly, bile salt pool size and biliary bile salt secretion remained unchanged upon sequestrant treatment due to compensation by de novo bile salt synthesis in both models. Nevertheless, lean and db/db mice showed increased, mainly periportally confined, hepatic TG contents, increased expression of lipogenic genes, and increased fractional contributions of newly synthesized

fatty acids. Lipogenic gene expression was not induced in sequestrant-treated Fxr−/− and Lxrα−/− Tigecycline in vivo mice compared with wild-type littermates, in line with reports indicating a regulatory role of FXR and LXRα in bile salt–mediated regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Conclusion: Bile salt sequestration by colesevelam induces the lipogenic pathway in an FXR- and LXRα-dependent manner without affecting the total pool size of bile salts in mice. We speculate that a shift from intestinal reabsorption to de novo synthesis as source of bile salts upon bile salt sequestration affects zonation of metabolic processes within

the liver acinus. (HEPATOLOGY 2010.) Diabetes is a multifactorial disease characterized this website by increased fasting blood glucose levels and dyslipidemia—that is, high plasma triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Controlling blood glucose and cholesterol levels in diabetic patients is critical for delaying the progression of clinical complications such as neuropathy and cardiovascular disease. An efficient way to reduce plasma cholesterol levels is to induce cholesterol secretion in bile, either as bile salt or as free cholesterol. Bile is secreted into the ileum to facilitate absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. About 95% of secreted bile salts are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum and transported back to the liver through the portal vein (enterohepatic circulation). In addition to their function in the absorption of dietary fats, bile salts are signaling molecules that play an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism.