33WO3 nanoparticle found in related records (PDF 01-081-1244), and V cell was used as 0.361 nm3[19]. Figure 3 XRD patterns and SEM images. XRD patterns (a) and SEM images of as-prepared Cs0.33WO3 before (b) and after (c) the stepwise bead milling process Selleckchem Napabucasin for randomly shaped nanoparticles. The LSPR is reportedly influenced

by the morphology. In tungsten oxide, however, its effect on the NIR absorption characteristics is minor [7]. To consider the randomly shaped nanoparticles fabricated through a solid reaction, depolarization factors were also used as indicated in Equation 7, which assumes an aspect ratio-related factor (S) of 0.417. (7) Incident light reflection by the difference in refractive indices click here between the layers The incident light passing through the coated film is interrupted due to differences in the light velocity caused by differences in the interlayer

refractive index. In a double layer-coated film, this interruption occurs between the layers of different materials (the tungsten bronze-coated layer (1) and the PET substrate (2)), which partially reflect the incident light. As stated in Equation 8, the contribution for the interlayer reflection (T multilayer) has been considered. (8) in which r 1 and r 2 are the refractive GW-572016 in vivo indices of the coated layer and PET substrate, respectively, while θ′ refers to the phase thickness of the coated layer. The reflectance can be calculated using the refractive indices of the coated layer (n 1) and PET substrate (n 2) as stated in Equations 9, 10, and 11. (9) (10) (11) Incident light scattering

according to the size of the nanoparticles Figure 3 reveals the mean diameter of Cs0.33WO3 nanoparticles, which was determined using the image J obtained through TEM and SEM measurements. In a top-down synthesis via the grinding method, the particle sizes are broadly distributed. In these particles, Rayleigh scattering (T scattering) occurs as indicated in Equation 12: (12) in which θ is the scattering angle assumed to be 90°, while n and d are the refractive indices of the nanoparticle. The term R refers to the internanoparticle distance and was calculated using Equation 13 that considers the volume of nanoparticle (V 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase p) and the residual weight (TGA (g)) as measured via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). (13) The total light transmission and shielding functions for the tungsten bronze film The total LTS characteristics have been measured using the absorbance of the transparent near-infrared absorption film from the visible to the infrared regions. In addition, the calculated value is typically slightly below the measured value due to specimen nonuniformity and plasmon damping caused by surface electron scattering [20]. To consider this type of damping, the results were calibrated via numerical analysis. However, the hard-to-measure electrical conductivity of the nanoparticle was set at 1.03 × 10−8 Ω−1 cm−1.