01°C year−1). In the Baltic Sea, despite some regional differences, there has been a positive trend in the yearly mean SST with an average increase of 0.8°C in 15 years (1998–2004) (Siegel et al. 2006). There are many estimates (due to varying methods and periods of calculation) of the global average rate of water level rise

in the 20th century derived from tide-gauge records: for example, 1.7±0.5 mm year−1 (Bates et al. 2008 (eds.)), 1.61±0.19 mm year−1 (Wöppelmann et al. 2009) and 1.59±0.09 mm year−1 (Collilieux & Wöppelmann 2011). The estimated eustatic sea level rise in the North Sea was 1.3 mm year−1 during the last century (Christiansen et learn more al. 2001). The same average rate of mean water level rise (1.5±0.5 mm year−1) was estimated for the Finnish coast of the Baltic Sea (Johansson et al. 2004). The rise in sea level was recorded at many tide gauges along Baltic Sea coasts at the end of the 20th century (Kalas 1993, Stigge 1993, Fenger et al. 2001, Ekman 2003, Kahma et al. 2003, Dailidienė et al. 2006, Suursaar et al. 2006). The average sea level rise for the period 1965–2001 Selleck BMN673 for the German North Sea coast was 1.88–1.95 mm

year−1, and for the German Baltic Sea coast it was 1.14 mm year−1 (Jensen & Mudersbach 2004). The regional analysis of long-term variations in water level is directly connected to the problems concerning the erosion of coasts, inundation of land, security of hydro-engineering equipment, development of port infrastructure and seaside towns, safety of waterfront installations and the local population, recreation, and ecosystem stability. The Baltic coastal zone is being subjected to intense human pressure;

it therefore plays a key role as an interface for trade, development of municipal activities, industry, shipping, energy generation, agriculture, fishery and tourism (Schernewski & Schiewer 2002). Climate changes should be considered when formulating strategies of sustainable development in Baltic Sea coastal areas. Historically, the ecosystems of the Baltic lagoons studied here are rather young (≈4 Pregnenolone 000 years old); they are sensitive to eutrophication and are subject to intense anthropogenic pressure. Lagoons provide essential buffering and filtering functions. Being both links and mediators between terrestrial ecosystems and the open sea (Schiewer 2002), coastal lagoons could be very vulnerable to the direct impacts of climate change. The aim of this research was to study and compare trends in sea level and water temperature changes from the beginning of the last climatic period (1960s) to the present for three lagoons located along the southern and south-eastern shores of the Baltic Sea: the Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain (Germany), the Vistula Lagoon (Poland–Russia), and the Curonian Lagoon (Lithuania–Russia) (Figure 1).