21st edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C; 2005. 14. German Standard Methods: German Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Wastewater and Sludge. selleck chemical 1980. 15. Stata Corporation: Stata reference manual release 10. TX, USA: College Station; 2007. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions GL designed the study, was responsible for the data collection, and contributed to the interpretation of the data; IC, AA, CA, and DA collected the data and performed the laboratory

analysis; IFA performed the statistical analysis, the interpretation of the data, and wrote the article. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.”
“Background The Trypanosomatidae family comprises genera that infect many see more kinds of eukaryotes: insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and even plants. In the Trypanosoma genus, three species are pathogenic for humans (Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, and T. evansi). Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, or sleeping sickness) is caused by T. brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina sp.). In contrast to most other insect-transmitted parasites, T. brucei spends its entire cycle as an extracellular parasite. To thwart the host immune system, the parasite has developed population survival strategies. Through antigenic variation, trypanosomes shield their plasma membrane

with a continually switching densely packed layer of 5 × 106 dimers of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), which constitutes a surface coat. This coat is indeed composed of a single protein, but the parasite genome has a repertoire of about 2,000 different potential VSG genes that are expressed

in a mutually exclusive manner. The coat also prevents antibodies from gaining access to necessarily invariant surface molecules [1–3]. HAT is lethal Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase when untreated and is a threat for over 60 million people living in sub-Saharan countries [4, 5]. learn more Treatment of the disease is difficult and expensive and has potentially life-threatening side effects [6, 7]. Since today there is no prophylactic chemotherapy, specific, low-cost, and sensitive methods for the early diagnosis of the parasite in human blood samples are needed, as well as novel therapeutic targets for fighting the parasite. A class of particularly interesting proteins are the expressed/secreted proteins (ESPs), which are specifically secreted by parasites. Several ESPs are involved in various aspects of the pathogenesis [8–10]. In addition, we have previously shown that the secretome of T. brucei inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells and their ability to induce lymphocytic allogenic responses [11]. As the majority of ESPs of the secretome remain unknown, we used a proteomics-based approach to analyze the entire secretome of the parasite. In this study, we compared three different T.