23 Oxidative stress is seen in selleck bio depression and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).24 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

seems to play an important role in the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression. BDNF also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Diminished hippocampal BDNF activity impairs stem cells in the dentate gyrus, an effect related to depression.25 Unmedicated depressive patients have decreased hippocampal serum concentrations of BDNF.26 Telomeres Telomeres are DNA protein complexes that protect DNA from damage. The length of the telomeres is one marker of biological Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical age and genotoxic and cytotoxic processes The effect of depression on telomeres has also been under research. Patients suffering from depression show premature telomere shortening,27 probably due to inflammatory processes. In this relationship, the enzyme telomerase is thought to have anti-aging or cell-promoting effects. Telomerase has been shown to be increased in unmedicated depressed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patients,22 possibly a compensatory response to telomere shortening. High levels of cortisol lead to a downregulation of telomerase.28 An open question remains as to whether dysfunction in neuronal plasticity is the cause, the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical consequence, or a correlate of

depression. In the following section, we will summarize evidence for a positive effect of different antidepressant therapies on neuroplasticity. The effect of antidepressant therapies on

neuroplasticity and neuroprotection selleck chemical Ixazomib antidepressants The effect of antidepressants Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical on neuroplasticity has been under research.29 The shrinkage of neurons in the hippocampus can be reversed with antidepressants in animal models.30-31 Treatment with antidepressants promotes neurogenesis, thus normalizing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hippocampal volume.12-13 The appearance of new cells in the hippocampus after treatment with antidepressants32 has been discussed as the mechanism by which antidepressants overcome stressinduced atrophy. In animal models, hippocampal neurogenesis plays a role in the action of antidepressants,33 but its clinical relevance for the AV-951 pathogenesis of depression in humans remains to be established. A putative mechanism could be that antidepressants decrease oxidative stress,24 reduce proinflammatory cytokines20,34 or lead to a BDNF-dependent increase in cell proliferation. Although the effect on neuroprotection and neurogenesis of antidepressants in animal models has been proven, studies are needed to assess this effect in humans. Currently, neurogenesis is considered as one major aspect, but other factors possibly add to the pathophysiology of depression and to pharmacological treatment effects.3 Neuroprotectants Neuroprotectants are drugs acting to protect against or help repair the damaging effects of a disease an insult to the brain. Excessive nicotine consumption35,36 as well as withdrawal37,38 has been proven to induce depression.