8 μg, p < 0.05 2-way RM ANOVA) ( Fig. 3b). The DOI induced increase in mechanical evoked neuronal response was reversed back

towards baseline levels by spinal application of ketanserin (1 μg). The effect of DOI on the thermal evoked responses was more variable. Spinal application of DOI on the evoked response to 40 °C and 45 °C heat in 2 of the 6 cells resulted in a clear and sustained Ruxolitinib price inhibition with one or both doses of DOI. Furthermore, in some instances, a transitory reduction was seen at the early (10 min.) time point to the evoked response to 40 °C and 45 °C stimuli; these inhibitory effects of DOI on these thermal stimuli were dwarfed by a marked facilitation of the neuronal response at the later time points (30 and 50 min.) post DOI administration. By contrast the evoked neuronal response to 48 °C was clearly facilitated (significant at 17.8 μg, p < 0.05 Proteasome inhibitor 2-way ANOVA). The increased heat evoked neuronal responses produced by DOI were reversed back towards baseline levels by spinal application of ketanserin ( Fig. 3c). There is considerable evidence for the critical role for serotonin (5-HT) in the modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission. A number of early studies observed inhibition and subsequent analgesia following blockade of the 5-HT system; more recently, however, a pronociceptive/hyperalgesic

action has also emerged for the 5-HT system (for review see Bannister et al. (2009)). These contrary reports can, in part, be accounted Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II for by the multiplicity of neuronal targets and receptor subtypes upon which 5-HT acts (Knight et al., 2004). To date, seven distinct families of

5-HT receptors have been identified (5-HT1–5-HT7), and several of these have been further sub-classified. Among them, the 5-HT2 receptor is thought to play an important role in spinal pain modulation; however, as is the case for other 5-HT receptor subtypes, opposing data exist as to the direction of effect (pro- or antinociceptive) produced by 5-HT2 receptor modulation. Our electrophysiological data show that the 5-HT2A antagonist, ketanserin (10–100 μg/50 μl), and the 5-HT2A/2C antagonist, ritanserin (2 mg/kg), at these doses, have an overall inhibitory effect on spinal neuronal activity with selectivity for the higher intensity responses; furthermore, the 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, DOI, produced an overall facilitation of spinal neuronal responses with significant effects seen on the mechanical and thermal evoked neuronal responses. These increased neuronal responses were reversed by spinal application of ketanserin. Thus, our data support a pronociceptive role for the 5-HT2 receptor, most likely through targeting the 5-HT2A receptor subtype, on spinal nociceptive transmission under normal conditions.