and Li et al. highlighted problems of missed patients, errors, blanks or illegible items in the Reporting Cards and data entry errors. Similarly, in a pilot study for the NISS designed to examine quality control issues in the ED-based surveillance system, Xie et al [45] reported that 291 out of 1286 registered patients were ‘missed’ (or inadvertently excluded) by the surveillance system, and of 941 Reporting Cards 5.2% were found to contain errors or blanks in the cards and an additional 19% were found to have data entry errors. The studies reported in this Review provide no data to highlight the extent of these concerns. The scale of the research conducted in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical these

research studies is indicative of the burden of injury facing China’s sizeable population. Despite the limitations in the data reported in these studies, the detail relating to injury mechanism age can provide public health specialists with sufficiently high level information Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to Abiraterone research buy develop targeted intervention campaigns. The ability to undertake planning and quality assurance processes would however be significantly enhanced by the adoption of uniform standards in the collection and reporting of clinical

data, such as the Utstein template [13,14] and the ACS Guidelines [9], a need clearly highlighted by this Review. Findings relating to mechanism of injury and patient Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical characteristics In the setting of provincial, national and global public health priorities, the value of comparable data across jurisdictions cannot be understated. The studies reviewed here highlight the importance of transport, falls, and industrial accidents as the most common causes of injury (Table ​(Table7).7). However, assaults and poisoning

feature consistently in these studies. Common to all studies was Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the predominance of males Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by a ratio of 2:1. Despite little overlap in age groups between the studies, young adults consistently represented a high proportion of presentations. Mortality rates ranged from 0.5% to 8% where reported. Table ​Table77 provides for purposes of comparison the WHO Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 incident estimates for injuries ‘severe enough to require for medical attention’[46]. The GBD uses ICD-10 to categories external cause of injury and while direct comparison is imperfect, some observations can be made. The rate of poisonings among the ED patients in China appears high, ranging from 4.7% to 8.6% where recorded; in contrast the GBD estimates range from 1.6% to 2.5% in the four regions shown. Within the China series, machine-related injuries, cutting and piercing and ‘blunt’ injuries were prominent among the leading causes of injury. In both the China series and the GBD, transport and falls were leading causes though the order differs. Interestingly, among the 13 Chinese papers reviewed those that included suicide did not code poisons and vice versa, potentially highlighting a significant issue in coding practices.