Animals were used in accordance with NIH guidelines and protocols approved by Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee at Harvard University. The SAD-A

conditional line was generated by standard methods. Immunohistochemistry and DiI labeling was performed on fixed tissue using reagents and methods presented in detail in Supplemental Experimental Procedures. Culture Alisertib chemical structure and transfection of HeLa and 293T cells was performed as described (Barnes et al., 2007). Explant and dissociated cultures of embryonic dorsal root ganglia neurons were prepared using methods similar to those described in Lentz et al. (1999). The Amaxa mouse neuron nucleofector kit and Amaxa Series 2 Nucleofector (Lonza) was used to introduce plasmid DNA into dissociated DRG cells. Cell and tissue lysis, SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotting were performed essentially as described in Barnes et al. (2007). Immunoprecipitations from nondenaturing lysates were performed using anti-HA agarose (Roche). Kinase assays using substrate proteins isolated by immunoprecipitation or purified from bacteria were performed as described (Kim et al., 2008). We thank Marian Carlson, Susan Dymecki, Tom Jessell, Louis Reichardt,

Michael Schneider, William Sellers, Li-Huei Tsai, Sander van den Heuvel, and Hans Widlund for mouse strains, antibodies, and plasmids used in this study; Debbie Pelusi for excellent this website technical assistance; Arjun Krishnaswamy and members of the Sanes lab for helpful suggestions. This work was supported by grants from the NIH (R01 NS029169 and R21 NS076880). B.N.L. was supported by a fellowship from the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (DRG-1914-06). “
“The circadian timing system generates oscillations in physiology and behavior synchronized to daily cycles in environmental conditions (e.g., photoperiod and temperature). By synchronizing to the environment, the internal time-keeping mechanism provides the organism with an adaptive advantage by enabling it to anticipate

reoccurring daily events. This synchronization facilitates reproduction and coordinates feeding and metabolic rhythms, among other processes (Dunlap et al., 2004). The social environment also influences clock time. Megestrol Acetate Studies performed in various animals, ranging from insects to mammals, have demonstrated social influences on circadian rhythmicity (Bloch and Grozinger, 2011, Davidson and Menaker, 2003, Mistlberger and Skene, 2004 and Mrosovsky, 1996). Several recent studies in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have shown that social experience affects the circadian regulation of various behaviors including locomotor activity ( Levine et al., 2002a), reproductive behavior ( Fujii and Amrein, 2010 and Fujii et al., 2007), sleep ( Donlea et al., 2009), and behavioral measures of learning and memory ( Donlea et al., 2009).