At the second step by a sudden dilution with cold water added to the mixture an irreversible

shock causes to break the microemulsion system, and stable nanocapsules are formed [7]. Three temperature cycles of heating and cooling at the rate of 4°C/min are usually applied between 85 and 60°C [5, 8]. They have been used from different routes of administration including oral [9, #selleck inhibitor randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# 10], parenteral, and transdermal routes [11–13]. Improved bioavailability, increased drug targeting, achieving controlled drug release [14–16], increasing the stability of the entrapped Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical drugs, low biotoxicity, and good biocompatibility are some advantages reported for LNCs [17]. The gastrointestinal side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical drugs (NSAIDs) have limited their widely oral use as analgesics in the treatment of local inflammation. This has prompted researchers to investigate the feasibility of alternative dermal and/or transdermal drug delivery systems. Ketorolac is a pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative of NSAIDs with potent analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory activity, a relatively favorable Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical therapeutic

agent for the management of moderate to severe pain [18]. Ketorolac tromethamine is administered intramuscularly and orally in divided multiple doses for short-term management of postoperative pain. Its oral bioavailability is 90% with a very low first pass metabolism. However, the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical drug is reported to cause severe gastrointestinal side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, peptic ulceration, and acute renal failure [19]. Because of the short half-life (4 to 6h) of ketorolac, frequent dosing is required to alleviate pain. To avoid intramuscular injection and frequent dosing regimens, dermal and transdermal delivery of ketorolac is an attractive alternative. Additionally, high analgesic activity and low Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical molecular weight of ketorolac make it a good candidate for transdermal delivery. Several

transdermal delivery strategies such as use of permeation enhancers [20], proniosomes [21], its prodrugs [22], iontophoresis [23], ultrasound [24], cyclodextrins and liposomes [25], and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) [26] have been developed so far. NLCs are mixtures of solid and liquid lipids (oils) which provide greater solubility for drugs than solid lipids. These nanostructures of ketorolac were ineffective else in increasing the drug percutaneous absorption due to the high degree of mutual interaction between the drug and carrier lipid matrix. For this reason we propose another colloidal lipid nanocarrier, that is, LNCs for transdermal delivery of ketorolac due to their high content of hydrophilic surfactants which may improve the problem of previous nanoparticles of this drug and reduce high degree of interactions between the drug and nanoparticles. The LNCs are prepared by an emulsification-phase conversion process with 10–40% or more of surfactants and contain no organic solvent. 2.