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“To determine if specially trained professional clowns allayed preoperative anxiety and resulted in a smooth anesthetic induction compared to the use of midazolam or no intervention.

This was a randomized, controlled, and blinded study conducted with children 3-8 years of age undergoing general anesthesia and elective outpatient surgery. Patients were assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 did not receive midazolam or clown presence; group 2 received 0.5 mg.kg(-1) oral midazolam 30 min before surgery up to a maximum of 15 mg; and group 3

had two specially trained clowns present upon arrival to the preoperative holding area and throughout operating room (OR) entrance and mask application for inhalation induction of anesthesia. The children PXD101 were videotaped for later grading.

The clown group had a statistically significant lower modified-Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale score in the preoperative holding area compared to the control and midazolam group. The clowns’ effect on anxiety reduction continued when the children entered the OR but was equal at this point to the midazolam group. Upon application of the anesthesia mask no significant differences were detected between the groups.

This study found that the use

of preoperative medically trained clowns for children undergoing surgery can significantly alleviate preoperative anxiety. However, clowns do not have any effect once the anesthesia mask is introduced.”
“Fluorouracil acetic acid dextran (FUD) conjugates were synthesized and buy BMN 673 its stability in buffer solution has been investigated previously in our laboratory. In this contribution, the in vitro and in vivo releases of FUD were investigated. The results revealed that no detectable 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, FU)

found during in vitro and in vivo release studies. The in vitro release was dependent on both degree of substitution (DS) of 5-fluorouracil-1-acetic acid ARN-509 (5-FUA) in FUD and gastrointestinal tract section (GITs). 5-FUA can be completely released from the conjugates with DS of 10.3 % (wt/wt) in homogenates of cecum and colon content. After oral administration in rats, FUD with DS of 10.3 % showed colon specific delivery of 5-FUA compared with that of free 5-FUA. The target index (TI) of the conjugate was 1.93 in cecum contents and 2.09 in colon contents respectively within 24 h. The results indicated that the conjugates can be used as colon-specific delivery system of 5-FUA.”
“Objectives: This report is intended to bring out the association of recurrent postauricular abscess in children-with various underlying congenital anomalies.

Materials and methods: A retrospective study was done in tertiary care setting from the year August 2005 to February 2012 using the medical record department database to retrieve the patient details.