Conclusions: FoxC1 may promote HCC metastasis through the induction of EMT and the up-regulation of NEDD9 expression. Thus, FoxC1 may be a candidate prognostic biomarker and a target for new therapies. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;) Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with nearly 600,000 deaths occurring worldwide each year.1 Although resection is considered a potentially curative treatment for HCC patients, the 5-year postoperative survival

rate is 30%-40%.2 The poor prognosis of patients with HCC is largely the result of the high frequencies of tumor recurrence and distant metastasis after curative resection.3 However, the molecular mechanism underlying HCC metastasis remains unclear. Therefore, the identification of novel molecular markers Ceritinib will provide new opportunities for the prevention of HCC recurrence and metastasis. Forkhead box (Fox) proteins comprise a family of evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulators that play important roles in both healthy biological processes and in cancer development.4 Fox proteins are master regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). FoxM1 induces EMT by activating the protein kinase B/Snai1 pathway, which leads Everolimus mouse to metastasis in pancreatic cancer and HCC.5, 6 FoxF1 and

FoxQ1 promote EMT and breast cancer metastasis through the inhibition of E-cadherin transcription.7, 8 In contrast, FoxA1 and FoxA2 antagonize EMT through the transactivation of E-cadherin expression and maintenance

of the epithelial selleck screening library phenotype. FoxA1 and FoxA2 are known to inhibit the metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and lung cancer.9, 10 These studies indicate that Fox protein-mediated EMT is involved in tumor metastasis. The critical role of EMT in the induction of invasiveness and metastasis in HCC suggests that Fox proteins may be involved in HCC metastasis. Importantly, FoxM1 overexpression promotes HCC metastasis through the up-regulation of stathmin, lysyl oxidase, and lysyl oxidase like-2 expression and indicates poor prognosis.6, 11 In a previous study, we found that FoxM1 promoted HCC metastasis by transactivating matrix metalloproteinase-7, RhoC, and ROCK1 expression, and that the FoxM1 expression level was an independent risk factor for recurrence and survival in HCC patients after curative resection.12 However, the involvement of other Fox proteins in HCC metastasis is unknown. FoxC1, which is a member of the Fox transcription factor family, is crucial for the formation and maturation of vasculature through interaction with Notch and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways.13, 14 FoxC1-knockout mice display cardiovascular defects and die either perinatally or soon after birth.15 FoxC1 levels are dramatically decreased in adult tissues, but FoxC1 expression during embryogenesis is activated by the canonical Wnt and epidermal growth factor/extracellular signal-related kinase (EGF/ERK)-signaling pathways.