Different TMS paradigms employ various combinations of pulse frequencies, intensities, and stimulation locations. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) involves the application of a series of pulses at a predetermined frequency and can produce effects that outlast the application of the stimulation. Evidence suggests that rTMS delivered at a low frequency (0.5–2 Hz) tends to focally decrease cortical excitability, whereas higher frequencies

(faster than 5 Hz) tend to increase excitability (Maeda & Pascual-Leone, 2003). Repetitive TMS has been employed in numerous experiments examining the role of specific cortical areas in the execution of specific linguistic functions (Devlin & Watkins, 2007), Transcranial Enzalutamide solubility dmso direct current stimulation Compound C (tDCS) involves the application of small electrical currents (typically 1–2 mA) to the scalp through a pair of surface electrodes. Current flows from the anode, through the cortex, and out through the cathode. Unlike TMS, which induces currents of sufficient magnitude to stimulate action potentials, the weak electrical currents employed in tDCS are thought to modulate the resting membrane potentials of neurons (Nitsche and Paulus, 2000 and Nitsche and Paulus, 2001). The effect of tDCS depends on which electrode is applied to the scalp: cathodal stimulation is associated with

decreased cortical excitability due to hyperpolarization of cortical neurons, while anodal stimulation is associated with increased cortical excitability due to subthreshold depolarization. These effects may last for minutes to hours depending on the intensity, polarity, and duration of stimulation (Antal et al., 2001). A growing number of studies have employed of tDCS as an experimental means for manipulating performance Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) in a variety of cognitive domains,

and investigators have started to explore the use of tDCS as a possible neurorehabilitation tool for patients with post-stroke deficits (Fregni et al., 2005 and Hummel et al., 2005). A small but growing body of evidence suggests that noninvasive brain stimulation techniques may provide a supplementary treatment approach for certain language deficits in patients with chronic stroke-induced aphasia (See Table 1). Several TMS studies have employed low frequency inhibitory stimulation of the right hemisphere with the goal of focally diminishing neural activity in the intact contralesional hemisphere. Here the work of Naeser and colleagues (Martin et al., 2004, Naeser et al., 2005a and Naeser et al., 2002) has been central. In an initial investigation, 1 Hz inhibitory rTMS was applied to four different points on right-hemisphere perisylvian regions of six chronic nonfluent aphasia patients at 90% of motor threshold for 10 min.