In other instances, cell wall degrading enzymes may play a primary role in or may facilitate the penetration process [39–41]. Appressoria produced by some fungi,

such as rust fungi, do not penetrate directly through the cuticle, but gain entry through stomata [42]. Sixty-four ACY-1215 concentration new GO terms were developed to describe the biological process of penetration into the host, and they form two groups. The first group includes 43 new GO terms related to infection structures established on the outside of the host tissue, such as appressoria, hyphopodia, infection cushions, and haustorium mother cells. The second group has 21 new terms related to specialized structures that directly pierce the surface of the host, for example penetration pegs, penetration hyphae, and haustorium necks. All of AZD1390 chemical structure the 43 terms in the

first group are children or lower level offspring of “”GO ID 0052108 growth or development of symbiont during interaction with host”". The core of this group is “”GO ID 0075015 formation of infection structure on or near host”". Twenty-eight terms in this group are related to appressorium formation. In particular, five of the 28 terms describe in detail the process of appressorium formation, namely “”GO ID 0075025 initiation of appressorium on or near host”", “”GO ID 0075034 nuclear division during appressorium formation on or near host”", “”GO ID 0075033 septum formation during appressorium formation on or near host”", “”GO ID

0075035 maturation of appressorium on or near host”", and “”GO ID 0075017 regulation of appressorium formation on or near host”" (see details in Figure 3). Besides the child term “”GO ID 0075016 appressorium formation on or near host”", the term “”GO ID 0075015 formation of infection structure on or near host”" has three more detailed child terms: “”GO ID 0075192 haustorium mother cell formation on or near host”", “”GO ID 0075187 hyphopodium formation on or near host”", and “”GO ID 0075183 infection cushion formation on or near host”" (see details in Figure 3). All of the 21 terms in the second group are children or lower level offspring of “”GO ID 0044409 entry into host”". The core of this group is “”GO ID 0075052 entry into host via a specialized structure”", which has three child terms related to Lumacaftor chemical structure penetration peg, penetration hypha, or haustorium neck for entry into the host (see details in Figure 4). The 64 new terms can be used to annotate the gene products of penetration-related genes. For example, genes involved in melanin biosynthesis in the rice blast fungus, such as ALB1, RSY1 and BUF1, are required for appressorium function since find more mutants lacking these genes make appressoria, but are unable to penetrate susceptible rice leaves [43]; these can be annotated with the term “”GO ID 0075053 formation of symbiont penetration peg for entry into host”".