“
“It is not unusual for a foreign body to be swallowed and be lodged in the esophagus. It is however, very unusual for such a foreign body to remain lodged for a period of 8 months. This particular case, a 15-month-old male infant, is under focus because of the time length the foreign
body remained in the esophagus without local complications, what is unusual is CAL-101 a protein energy malnutrition complication. The neck and chest X-ray permitted the foreign body identification. The management of esophageal foreign body requires a multidisciplinary approach among otorhinolaryngologist, radiologist and pediatrician. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The life cycle of most viruses involves the release of particles into the extracellular space. Consequently, the study of virus egress as well as virus entry has focused almost exclusively on the biology of cell-free virus. However, cell-free virus spread is often very inefficient. Specific barriers, either located in the donor cell or in the target cell, prevent efficient spread by the cell-free mode. In contrast, viral spread by direct cell cell contact is largely unaffected by most of these barriers resulting
in preferential spread by cell-to-cell transmission. Virus cell-to-cell transmission allows an efficient coordination of several steps of the viral life cycle. It often involves complex inter-cellular adhesion, cellular polarity and intra-cellular GPCR & G Protein trafficking. Because virus cell-to-cell transmission can involve transmission through zones of tight cell cell contact that are resistant to neutralizing BVD-523 antibodies and reach a high local particle concentration, cell-to-cell transmission can contribute to the pathogenesis of viral infections.”
“OBJECTIVE: To describe the temporal trends in female breast cancer mortality rates in Brazil in its macro-regions and states
between 1980 and 2009.
METHODS: This was an ecological time-series study using data on breast cancer deaths registered in the Mortality Data System (SIM/WHO) and census data on the resident population collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE/WHO). Joinpoint regression analyses were used to identify the significant changes in trends and to estimate the annual percentage change (APC) in mortality rates.
RESULTS: Female breast cancer mortality rates in Brazil tended to stabilize from 1994 onward (APC = 0.4%). Considering the Brazilian macro-regions, the annual mortality rates decreased in the Southeast, stabilized in the South and increased in the Northeast, North, and Midwest. Only the states of Sao Paulo (APC = -1.9%), Rio Grande do Sul (APC = -0.8%) and Rio de Janeiro (APC = -0.6%) presented a significant decline in mortality rates. The greatest increases were found in Maranhao (APC = 12%), Paraiba (APC = 11.9%), and Piaui (APC = 10.9%).