parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802. Lane L, MW ladder. Figure 2 BioNumerics-derived UPGMA Dendrogram 17-AAG in vitro generated from the results of the IGS-typing procedure using 69 Vibrio reference strains. It is shown that all different species could be separated by virtue of their own unique ‘specific-specific’ IGS-type patterns. Parameters used to produce the dendrogram were: Dice (Opt:1.00%) (Tol 0.25-0.25%) (H>0.0% S>0.0%) [0.0%-100.0%]. Having demonstrated the efficiency of this method, NU7441 the next step was to evaluate its fidelity.

To this end, DNA was isolated from V. cholerae ATCC 25874, V. vulnificus ATCC 43382 and V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 four separate times and individually processed (i.e., four individual biological replicates were produced). The cleaned PCR products from each of these replicates were analyzed simultaneously on the Bioanalyzer 2100. The resulting electropherograms and gel images generated by the Bioanalyzer 2100 revealed that all DNA templates derived from the same strain reproducibly yield the same IGS-type patterns (Figure 3). Furthermore, having found that these selleck chemical four species consistently yielded the same IGS-type patterns, the Vibrio type strains originally tested were subjected to an additional round of testing to assure that those patterns originally observed for the type strains were also

consistently reproduced. As expected, the second round of testing yielded patterns identical to those originally observed. Clearly, based on these data, the method is both efficient and reliable. Figure 3 Virtual gel picture of IGS-type patterns obtained from replicate analyses. DNA was isolated from each strain four separate times and individually processed and evaluated for consistency in banding pattern. Lanes 1-3, replicate 1; Lanes 4-6, replicate 2; Lanes 7-9, replicate 3 and Lanes 10-12, replicate 4. Lanes 1, 4, 7 and 10: V. cholerae ATCC 25874; Lanes 2, 3, 8, and 11: V. vulnificus ATCC 43382; Lanes 3, 6, 9 and 12: V. parahaemolyticus

ATCC 17802; Lane L, MW ladder. Differentiation of type strains by IGS-typing analysis The 69 archetypal Vibrio strains used in this study represented 48 distinct species. In the course of evaluating these strains, it was noted in several cases that distinctly different IGS-patterns were obtained from the same species having homogenous 16S rRNA gene structure. For instance, V. natriegens SB-3CT ATCC 33898 differed by only a single base pair in 16S rRNA gene sequence structure from V. natriegens strains ATCC 14048 and LMG 10935 yet produced an IGS-pattern distinctly different than that observed for either ATCC 14048 or LMG 10935, both of which yielded identical IGS fingerprints (Figure 2). Similarly, V. fischeri strains ATCC 700601 and ATCC 14546 differed by only two base pairs in 16S rRNA gene structure but also demonstrated distinctly different IGS-patterns (Figure 2). However, these latter IGS-typic differences were not entirely unexpected, as several phenotypic differences between the isolates were also noted.