clinical studies performed up to now yielded very good results concerning the effects of 5 HT3 antagonists and many of them particularly in the treatment of IBS also reported serious adverse effects. Difficulties in the model of the effectiveness of 5 HT3 antagonists may possibly hinder their use in practice. One issue could be that in many of the reports specifically ondansetron was applied. Therefore, studies using other ligands are awaited. Furthermore, we suppose that there is therapy potential by targeting specific receptor subtypes. Step by step investigation of 5 HT3 receptor composition and function may facilitate individual and disease tailored therapy and lead to the recognition of muscle specific subtypes. 6. 5 HT3 receptors disease: and Afatinib BIBW2992 a molecular genetic view The study of genetic factors connected with complex issues including neurogastrointestinal and psychiatric disorders is very challenging as a result of difficulty of the biological pathways linking phenotype and genotype. Up to now, generally pilot studies have now been completed addressing the position of 5 HT3 receptors in complex conditions and drug response. Therefore, genetic studies of the 5 HT3 receptor system remain in its infancy. One has to be aware that a lot of the data are preliminary which may have to be repeated in further studies. Serotonergic disorder has been noted in many different psychiatric disorders. The contribution of 5 HT in the pathogenesis of mental problems such as bi-polar affective disorder and schizophrenia Urogenital pelvic malignancy was proposed more than 50 years ago. Serotonin receptors have been implicated in several symptoms of schizophrenia and are leading candidates due to their functional diversity and their position in the modulation of release of chemicals such as dopamine, GABA, substance P and ACh. Twin and family studies pointed to the contribution of genetic factors in the aetiology of those disorders. In reality, susceptibility genes for depression and schizophrenia was mapped to the same chromosomal region by which and dwell. Moreover, 5 HT3 antagonists showed encouraging results in the treatment of psychiatric disorders as outlined above. Therefore, and were considered as probable candidates within the aetiology of psychological conditions. Relationship analyses of and revealed polymorphisms of both genes to be associated with BPAD and major depression. The SNP d. 42CNT residing in just a region of was found to be associated with BPAD. Particularly, the version locates inside an upstreamopen reading frame of leading to an amino acid exchange inside the expected upstream peptide. Putative peptides encoded by uORFs are believed to be involved in the regulation of gene expression by decreasing translation of the downstream gene and by blocking the scanning ribosome during the elongation phase.