The plot is located at lower energy density region near the 2nd Evofosfamide mouse cells. It needs further improvement for energy density. Figure 3 Self-discharge curves and discharging behaviors. (a) Self-discharge curves after charging at current of 10 pA, 1 nA, 1 μA, 1 mA, and 100 mA for approximately 0.5 s. The inset shows the current effect on the charging time up to 10 V. (b) Discharging behaviors for voltage under constant currents of 1 mA, 10 mA, and 100 mA after 1.8-ks charging at 100 mA. Figure 4 Comparison of the power density and energy density. For EDCC, EDLC, batteries,

and fuel cells in Ragon plot (after Whittingham [20]). AC electric measurement of EDCC Capacitance as a function of frequency at room temperature is presented logarithmically in Figure 5a, along with those of the de-alloyed Si-20at%Al specimen [11]. Frequency dependent capacitances decreased parabolic from around 0.1 mF (0.54 F/cm3) to around 1.3 pF (53 μF/cm3) with increasing frequency and saturated from 0.1 to 0.4 nF in frequency region from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The saturated values of the former are 30

times larger than those of the latter. This difference would be derived from higher absorbed electron density of the former, Blasticidin S research buy accessible to electron trapping. Here it should be noted that charging/discharging of electrochemical cells occurs at lower frequency regions on the whole interfaces in pores of electrodes, but does not occur at higher frequency ones in interior parts of pores [21]. Hence, tetracosactide by analogy we infer that that the de-alloyed and anodic oxidized Ti-Ni-Si Dactolisib manufacturer material, which shows large frequency dependence on capacitance independent of temperature, is an assembly of canyons with the deepest recess. The whole behavior in Figure 5a implies ac current momentary (below 0.1 s) charging/discharging, with the observed decrease in capacitance come from dielectric dispersion by interfacial polarization. These results would be associated with electron storage in amorphous TiO2-x coated

solid cell without solvents. Furthermore, we can store electricity in ac current using a rectifier, if we could be taken a figure up three places over capacitance at higher frequencies. Figure 5 Frequency dependence of capacitance (a) and RC constant (b). For de-alloyed and anodic oxidized Ti-Ni-Si and de-alloyed Si-Al specimens in an input voltage of 10 V at room temperature. Figure 5b shows a frequency dependent RC constant in input voltage of 10 V at room temperature for the former and the latter [11]. The former’s RC decreases parabolically from around 800 s (13.1 min) to around 5 ms with increasing frequency up to 1 kHz at 100 ms-15 ns intervals, before becoming saturated in the frequency region from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The 800 s (13.1 min) at 1 mHz is 157,000 times larger than that (5 ms) in the conventional EDLC [19]. However, it needs larger ones from 0.1 s to few hours for practical use.