The primary goal of glaucoma treatment is to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) using antiglaucoma eye drops, laser treatment, or surgery [2] and [3]. Antiglaucoma eye-drop application is the most common therapy, and can significantly lower IOP and delay glaucoma progression Rapamycin ic50 [4] and [5]. However, patients with glaucoma who use antiglaucoma eye drops have been shown to have a higher prevalence of ocular surface disease than the normal population [6] and [7].

Irritation and conjunctival hyperemia induced by dry eyes are among the main problems when treating patients with glaucoma who require a lifetime management [8], [9] and [10]. Dry-eye therapy has been solely symptomatic, mainly by the application of artificial tears. However, numerous recent studies have demonstrated that inflammation and apoptosis may play key roles in the development

of dry eye syndrome (DES) [11], [12], [13], [14], [15] and [16]. Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng Meyer) is a valuable folk medicine used in East Asian countries. The two kinds of ginseng, air-dried white ginseng and steamed red ginseng, harbor a variety of active components, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, polyacetylenic alcohols, and fatty acids, and its diverse pharmacological effects have been observed in the central nervous system Z-VAD-FMK in vitro and the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24] and [25]. Ponatinib solubility dmso Korean Red Ginseng

(KRG) is known to have more pharmacological effects than raw ginseng because of the change of its chemical components (such as Rg3 and Rh2) that are produced in the steaming process [26]. Because of chronic inflammation, conjunctival pathological changes, including squamous metaplasia and goblet cell loss, have been found on cytological analysis of dry eye disease and, thus, anti-inflammatory drugs, such as topical steroid and cyclosporine A, are effective agents for DES [27] and [28]. In an earlier study performed by the authors [29], participants stated that the discomfort caused by antiglaucoma eye drops was relieved by KRG intake. Furthermore, the symptoms and signs of dry eyes were improved in some of these patients. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we examined the effect of KRG supplementation on DES in patients with glaucoma. This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study was performed at the glaucoma clinic of the Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed written consent was obtained from each participant. The Institutional Review Board of the Yonsei University Health System approved the study protocol. Participants were enrolled prospectively between July 2013 and December 2013.