The tree was constructed using ML and Bayesian analysis. Support for each node is expressed as a percentage based on posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis) and bootstrap values (ML). The branch lengths are based on ML analysis and are proportional to the number of substitutions per site. Figure 5 Sinorhizobium AC220 cell line fredii encodes TpiB xenologs. Sinorhizobium fredii contains a second suboperon that appears homologous to the eryR-tpiB-rpiB suboperon in the erythritol locus (Figure  1). The TpiB amino acid sequence was used as a

representative of this suboperon to construct a phylogenetic tree. The Tubastatin A solubility dmso branch corresponding to the TpiB encoded outside of the erythritol locus is highlighted in red. The tree was constructed using ML and Bayesian analysis. Support for each node is expressed as a percentage based on posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis) and bootstrap values (ML). The branch lengths are based on ML analysis and are proportional to the number of substitutions per site. Discussion A number of models that are not mutually exclusive have been proposed to account for the formation and evolution of operons. Two broad aspects need to

be considered, transfer of genes between organisms, as well as gathering and distributing genes within a genome. There is strong support for horizontal gene transfer as a driving force for evolution of gene clusters [44]. More recently, it has been shown that genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer events appear to evolve more quickly than genes that have arisen by gene duplication events [45]. Within a genome the “piece-wise” Selleck H 89 model suggests that complex operons can evolve through the independent clustering of smaller “sub-operons” due to selection pressures for the optimization for equimolarity and co-regulation of gene products [6]. Finally it has been suggested that the final stages of operon building Ponatinib purchase can be the loss of “ORFan” genes [4, 6]. The data presented here provide examples supporting these models of operon evolution. The components of the polyol catabolic loci we have identified

have been involved in at least 3 horizontal gene transfers within the proteobacteria (Figure  2). In addition, components such as the transporter eryEFG have been moved from the R. leguminosarum clade of loci into the M. ciceri bv. biserrulae polyol locus (see Figure  3A and 3B). The later species based on its phylogenetic position and category of polyol locus (S. meliloti) would have been expected to contain the mtpA gene. The presence of possible paralogs of lalA (Figure  4) and the presence of tpiB xenologs (Figure  5) are also evidence for duplication and horizontal transfer events. Since S. fredii also contains a homolog to tpiA of S. meliloti (data not shown), to our knowledge, this is the only example of an organism containing three triose-phosphate isomerases (Figure  2, Figure  5).