The ureteral length was measured using a ruled 5-Fr ureteral catheter. The appropriateness of stent position was defined into three groups based on kidney-ureter-bladder films. Results: Nine stents (3.9%) migrated, 171 stents (75.7%) were in the appropriate position and 46 stents Selleck Cilengitide (19.5%) were overlong. The rate of migration rate and overlong stents closely correlated with the ureteral length when the proximal end of the stent was in the renal pelvis. Conclusions: It is appropriate to choose a loop type ureteral stent that is the same or 1 cm less than the length of the ureter when the proximal end of the stent will be in the renal

pelvis. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Apathy, a frequent finding in Parkinson’s disease (PD), is significantly associated with depression and dementia. Few studies have examined the efficacy of psychotropic Selleckchem AZD8186 or psychological treatments of apathy in PD, and adequate randomized controlled trials are still lacking. There is anecdotal evidence that dopaminergic agonists may be a useful treatment modality. Levodopa may improve the loss of motivation in the “”off”" motor state, and dopaminergic agonists could be useful to treat apathy after the withdrawal of dopaminergic treatment in patients undergoing deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. On the other hand, the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine did not demonstrate efficacy in improving apathy in a randomized

controlled trial with apathy as a secondary efficacy measure. Given the significant association between apathy and both depression and cognitive decline, future studies should examine whether improving mood and cognition may also have a positive

impact upon apathy in PD. For those PD patients with “”pure”" apathy, specific psychotherapeutic techniques should be developed.”
“Purpose: To investigate the relationship between transverse relaxation rates R2 and R2*, the most frequently used surrogate markers for iron in brain tissue, and chemically determined iron check details concentrations.

Materials and Methods: This study was approved by the local ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from each individual’s next of kin. Quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed at 3.0 T in seven human postmortem brains in situ (age range at death, 38-81 years). Following brain extraction, iron concentrations were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in prespecified gray and white matter regions and correlated with R2 and R2* by using linear regression analysis. Hemispheric differences were tested with paired t tests.

Results: The highest iron concentrations were found in the globus pallidus (mean 6 standard deviation, 205 mg/kg wet mass 6 32), followed by the putamen (mean, 153 mg/kg wet mass 6 29), caudate nucleus (mean, 92 mg/ kg wet mass 6 15), thalamus (mean, 49 mg/ kg wet mass +/- 11), and white matter regions.