While several means by which heteroduplex formation could be eliminated or reduced are discussed in numerous LXH254 order publications [16, 18, 19], we found that only one [24], with some modification, produced results acceptable for use in this particular

protocol. Subsequently, PCR products derived from the first amplification procedure were processed further with a second round of PCR optimized for heteroduplex elimination. Numerous HDAC inhibitor testing of the two-round PCR procedure repeatedly yielded products devoid of transient artifacts, confirming that the process was suitable for and highly compatible with this type of analysis. Figure 7 Schematic depicting the relative size (bp), order, and chromosome position of 16S-23S rRNA IGS regions of 3 Vibrio species. This figure shows the relevant genomic regions MEK inhibitor of V. parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 (Chromosome I: NC_004603; chromosome II: NC_004605), V. cholerae O395 (chromosome 1: NC_009456; chromosome 2: NC_009457) and V. vulnificus CMCP6 (chromosome 1: NC_004459; chromosome 2: NC_004460). Sequence coordinates denoting

16S-23S rRNA IGS primer binding sites are listed above and below their respective locus and correspond to the NCBI genome accessions provided here. IGS regions are denoted by open boxes with sizes (in bp) provided within. Directional orientation is indicated for both chromosomes by the 0 min start (0′) to the left of each map. Previous IGS studies have relied on either agarose or PAGE for resolution of the amplicons generated by PCR-based IGS-typic analyses [14, 25]. These methods can be somewhat cumbersome and require a lengthy amount of time to perform. To overcome this limitation, this protocol was engineered to take advantage of the rapid and sensitive capillary gel electrophoresis technology. Using

Decitabine molecular weight the Agilent BioAnalyzer 2100 system, it was determined that a minimal amount of effort to more thoroughly clean the second round PCR products allowed this technology to deliver results that were at least as good as, if not better than, those obtained from traditional electrophoresis protocols. Furthermore, the Agilent system provided the additional benefit of a highly accurate and easily interpreted virtual gel-based result. That is, band interpretations were based on real genotypic differences defined by obvious deviations in band size, rather than subjective band ‘bin’ assignments so often incorporated with conventional agarose and PAGE. While all reference species tested produced results that sufficiently differentiated them, as noted by the cluster analyses, we also determined, in a few cases, identical species having homogenous 16S rRNA gene sequence structure produced different IGS-type banding patterns. These patterns were often times substantially different such that identical species were separated widely on the resultant dendrograms.