The UDMA channel or the PIO channel is selected according to the analyses of ATA protocol instructions. In the UDMA channel, the data are encrypted or decrypted using the key from the MEMS coded lock. In PIO channel, the data are not changed. The details of the UDMA/PIO channel will be discussed in the following sections.Figure 3.The signal transmission flow of the portable hard disk encryption/decryption system.3.?USB Interface ControllerUSB interface controller is the bridge between the FPGA portable hard-disk data encryption/decryption card and the host computer. The USB interface controller adopts EZ-USB FX2 of Cypress [8]. In the USB interface controller, GPIF implements ATA protocols, such as the PIO protocol and the UDMA protocol.3.1.
The Work Flow of the USB Interface ControllerWhen the portable hard-disk encryption system is plugged into the host computer, EZ-USB FX2 enumerates automatically and downloads firmware and USB descriptor tables. The host computer will identify EZ-USB FX2 as the development board of EZ-USB FX2. Then EZ-USB FX2 enumerates again as EZ-USB FX2 sample device. If the user passes the authentication of the MEMS coded lock, EZ-USB FX2 enumerates again as the hard disk. If the user does not pass the authentication of the MEMS coded lock, the hard disk cannot be renumerated, so the host computer cannot identify the hard disk.3.2. The Design of the GPIF’s WaveformThe ATAPI interface is realized by GPIF, whose waveform is designed by the GPIF software of Cypress (Figure 4).
The data bus is 16 bits width. The clock frequency of the interface is 48 MHz.
The address bus is 9 bits width. The three control output pins are DIOW (the IO writing signal), DIOR (the IO reading signal) and DMACK (the DMA acknowledgement signal). The three input pins are IORDY (the IO ready
Fluorophores Cilengitide have associated with them an exponential fluorescent decay transient after the removal of the excitation source, which defines their characteristic lifetime [5]. Due to the random nature of fluorescence emission, a fluorescent sample’s associated lifetime is the average time the molecules in a sample spend Carfilzomib in the excited state before photon emission occurs.
A sample’s fluorescence lifetime, ��, is determined by the rate at which the sample leaves the excited state (Equation 1). The transition can occur via two mechanisms, either by fluorescence emission (at rate ��) or by competing non-radiative processes (represented collectively as Knt):��=1��+��Knt(1)A fluorophore’s quantum yield (��) is the ratio of emitted photons to the number of absorbed photons.