There is substantial evidence that IL-6 plays an important role i

There is substantial evidence that IL-6 plays an important role in rheumatoid inflammation [58]. In addition, IL-6 is suggested to have a pathogenetic role in

abnormal bone resorption in RA [72]. IL-6 induces abnormal osteoclastogenesis in the inflamed joints of RA via the induction of RANKL expression in osteoblasts and synoviocytes [72] and [73]. With regard to joint cartilage, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) are thought to play crucial roles in cartilage matrix degradation. IL-6 induces the production of MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13) and ADAMTS-4 from chondrocytes [74]. These findings suggest that IL-6 plays a number of critical roles in the pathogenesis of joint diseases. We have shown that FLS constitutively expresses gp130, but not IL-6R (Fig. Alectinib 3) [75]. In contrast, sIL-6R was detected in synovial fluids from patients

with ID and/or OA of TMJ [65]. In the interacapsular pathologic condition of TMJ, MMP production may be enhanced in FLS through the IL-6/sIL-6R/gp 130 complex, as sIL-6R exists in synovial fluids and IL-6 is produced by FLS in the presence of IL-1β and/or TNF-α. Cyclooxygenase (COX) -2, also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), was ranked 8 among the top 10 up-regulated genes in FLS treated with IL-1β (Table 1). In contrast, COX-2 was not observed among the top 10 up-regulated genes with TNF-α, although it was rank 17 (data not shown). COXs GPCR Compound Library price are the rate-limiting enzyme

in the synthesis of biological mediators known as prostanoids, consisting of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGE2, PGF2a, prostacyclin PGI2 and thromboxane A2[76]. Following cellular activation, arachidonic acid (AA) is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 and is then converted to the PGs intermediate PGH2 by COXs. Short-lived PGH2 is then quickly converted most to five prostanoids by each prostanoid synthase. COX-1 is a constitutive enzyme in the majority of cells. In contrast, COX-2 is inducible in response to inflammation, its gene expression can be induced by multiple cytokines and growth factors, via activation of transcriptional regulatory proteins that act on the promoter sites, such as NFkB, AP1 and C/EBP [77] and [78]. COX-3 is a splice variant of COX-1 [79]. PGE2 is the most studied member of the eicosanoid family and is generated from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids such as AA, playing a pivotal role in inflammation by mediating local dilatation of blood vessels, increasing blood vessel permeability and sensitizing peripheral nociceptors [80]. PGE2 exerts a range of biological activities that include stimulation of inflammation-associated bone resorption [81].

These results are in agreement with those reported by Faria et al

These results are in agreement with those reported by Faria et al. (2010), since the capacity of the empty GA microcapsules to quench 1O2 was about 300 times higher than empty MD microcapsules. The difference www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html between the antioxidant capacities of the biopolymers can be attributed to the protein fraction of GA that corresponds to 0.76% (w/w) of this biopolymer (Supplementary Table S3). The amino acids tyrosine, histidine and methionine seem to be the main responsibles for the antioxidant capacity of GA against ROS and RNS (Atmaca, 2004, Meucci and Mele, 1997 and Yilmaz

and Toledo, 2005). In addition, the low antioxidant capacity of MD is probably related to the lack of functional groups that are able to donate electrons or hydrogen to ROS and RNS (Phillips, Carlsen, & Blomhoff, 2009). Our in vitro findings reinforce the results of some in vivo studies that showed a positive relation between GA ingestion and the reduction of oxidative stress induced by gentamicin

in rats, which was related to the capacity of GA to scavenge the ROS and RNS generated by this drug ( Al-Majed et al., 2002 and Gamal el-din et al., 2003). The incorporation of carotenoids, α-tocopherol and trolox into the microcapsules resulted in different effects on the ROS and RNS scavenging capacity, depending on the wall material, the reactive species tested and the antioxidant compound. In general, a more pronounced enhance of the antioxidant capacity due to incorporation selleck kinase inhibitor of antioxidant compounds was observed in GA microcapsules. This biopolymer acetylcholine probably allows better interaction

between the microencapsulated compounds and the ROS and RNS as compared to MD. The GA wall acts as membranes semipermeable to oxygen (Bertolini, Siani, & Grosso, 2001) and, possibly, the reactive species with similar molecular volumes to oxygen can diffuse into the interior of the microcapsules where they are scavenged by the antioxidants. The antioxidant capacity of carotenoids against ROS and RNS includes mainly one of the following mechanisms: electron transfer, hydrogen abstraction and addition of reactive species to form carotenoid-radical adducts (Burton and Ingold, 1984, El-Agamey et al., 2004 and Jomová et al., 2009). Several factors, including the nature of the ROS and RNS, system polarity, carotenoid structure, the location and orientation of the carotenoids into the microcapsules, have probably an influence on the preferential antioxidant mechanism; however, these interactions are not totally elucidated. Among the three reaction pathways for carotenoids to scavenge radical species, electron transfer leading to the formation of the carotenoid radical cations appears to be the best accepted mechanism for polar systems as used in the present study.

4) The best binding percentage was detected for cheese from Corr

4). The best binding percentage was detected for cheese from Correntes (75.47 ± 0.5%) and the lowest for cheese from Capoeiras (61.78 ± 0.65%). The value for Correntes cheese was not different from those obtained for Arcoverde (72.21 ± 0.24%) Cachoeirinha (75.02 ± 0.02%), São Bento do Una (75.41 ± 0.15%), and Venturosa (74.36 ± 0.04%), while the cheese sample from Capoeiras, which showed the lowest value, was not different from those obtained from Arcoverde, Cachoeirinhas and Venturosa, but the difference was significant compared with those obtained

for cheeses from Correntes (p = 0.033) and São Bento do Una (p = 0.026). These results are of great importance, because besides having other properties the “Coalho” cheese VX-809 concentration can increase GSK1120212 nmr the bioavailability of zinc in the body, since intestinal absorption of zinc is affected by a great number of dietary factors, which include proteins, calcium, and metal-complexing. Also, this mineral plays a key role in the function of several enzymes, participates in cell division, genetic expression, physiological processes like cellular growth, and development and genetic transcription (Salgueiro et al., 2000).

It has been reported that phosphorylated peptides encrypted in αs1-, αs2- and β-casein may form soluble complexes with minerals such as calcium, iron and zinc at intestinal pH, modulating their bioavailabilities. These peptides, which act as mineral solubilisers and/or carriers, are known as caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) and can be released “in vitro” or “in vivo” by enzymatic digestion of dairy products or during their processing ( Clare and Swaisgood, 2000 and Meisel and FitzGerald, 2003). Many CPPs contain high polar acidic sequences of three phosphoserines followed by two glutamic acid residues (SpSpSpEE), which are the binding sites for minerals. Moreover, Acetophenone there is evidence that amino acid residues upstream and downstream of this region

are also involved ( Ferraretto, Gravaghi, Fiorilli, & Tettamanti, 2003). Harzer and Kauer (1982), did not detect zinc binding to dephosphorylated casein; the conclusion might be drawn that the bivalent zinc ion is complexed to casein by the negative charge of phosphate groups, which would be in good agreement with the fact that there was no zinc binding to casein at low pH, where the phosphate residues would be protonated. Another important result about the zinc-binding activity of artisanal “Coalho” cheese was that the zinc bound weakly to phosphoserine residues in CPPs, and according to Sato, Noguchi, and Naito (1986), this weak affinity is relevant to nutrition, because zinc and other minerals can be released progressively in the intestinal lumen, allowing greater absorption of zinc. There are no previous reports about antimicrobial activity of “Coalho” cheese.

This procedure was repeated three times After extracting the sug

This procedure was repeated three times. After extracting the sugars, the beaker was placed in a chamber at 48 °C until all the solvent had evaporated. Then the sugars were suspended in

1 mL 80% ethanol, and the solution was transferred to an Eppendorf tube and kept at −20 °C. Before application, the samples were thawed, centrifuged at 16,100g for 10 min and filtered. Aliquots of 25 μL were analysed in a Shimadzu chromatograph selleck chemical with a refraction index detector. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile:water (80:20). A Supelcosil LC-NH2 Supelco column, was used. Aiming mainly to quantify the sucrose in the samples, standard solutions were also applied containing known quantities of the sugars fructose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose.

The sucrose concentration in each sample was determined by a calibration curve. Pearson correlation coefficients estimates were determined between the three methods used for sucrose quantification. selleck screening library The following expression was used: rx1x2=cov(x1,x2)var(x1)var(x2)where r(x1,x2)r(x1,x2) = estimator of the correlation coefficients between the sucrose concentration determined by methods 1 and 2. Cov(x1,x2) = estimator of the covariance between the sucrose concentration determined by methods 1 and 2. var(x1) e var(x2) = estimators of the variances in the sucrose concentration determined by methods 1 and 2, respectively. For sucrose determination, we combined the action of invertase and glucose oxidase. This system was adapted to 96-well polystyrene plates. Sucrose determination was based on the following combined reactions: Sucrose→InvertaseGlucose+FructoseGlucose+O2+H2O→Glucose oxidaseGluconic acid+H2O2H2O2+Phenol→Benzoquinone(pink

colour-A490nm) In order to validate this new method, the sucrose content in soybean seeds was determined and compared with values obtained by HPLC and the enzymatic method of Stitt, two widely procedures used for sucrose quantification. The sucrose concentrations determined by these three methods and their respective coefficients of variation are shown in Table 1. Sucrose concentration in the seeds varied from 2.84% to 7.28%, in agreement with values cited by Kumar et al. (2010). The highest C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) value for sucrose concentration was observed in cultivar Tadacha for the three methods tested. Our results show that there was consistency between the GOD/invertase method and those regularly used for sucrose determination. In addition, the GOD/invertase method is highly reproducible with coefficients of variation ranging from 4.87% to 12.08% (Table 1). The correlation coefficients between the methods are shown in Table 2. The GOD/invertase method presented a high correlation coefficient with the HPLC method. The value was 0.9685 when two different extract preparations were analysed, but this value increased to 0.9858 when the extract prepared for HPLC analysis was also used in the GOD/invertase method.

Analyses of the estimated source specific exposures showed candle

Analyses of the estimated source specific exposures showed candle burning related exposure to be significantly SCH 900776 in vivo associated with a lower lung function, and with higher HbA1c and leukocyte counts (Table 6).

In contrast, use of candles in the home as a categorical variable was only associated with lymphocyte counts whereas the exposure related to cooking showed no association with any outcome (Table 6). We used a population-based study on air quality in Danish residences to evaluate the relationship between indoor and outdoor particle concentrations and indoor bioaerosols, and health outcomes in terms of MVF, lung function, systemic biomarkers of inflammation, monocyte activation and the prediabetic www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk1120212-jtp-74057.html marker HbA1c. MVF was inversely associated with outdoor PNC, whereas the indoor PNC level, mainly driven by candle burning, was associated with lower lung function, and with higher HbA1c and leukocyte counts. The expression of CD11b on monocytes was positively associated only with indoor PNC levels. The indoor PM2.5 levels were positively associated with CRP and inversely associated with the number of eosinophils. The indoor bioaerosol levels

in settled dust were all inversely associated with some of the outcomes: levels of endotoxin with lung function and monocyte activation, and bacteria and fungi levels with the number of eosinophils and CD62L expression on monocytes in the blood, respectively. We did not have sufficient statistical power to assess whether intake of vasoactive drugs modified the association between the exposure to outdoor PNC and MVF, but the association was also significant among subjects not taking vasoactive drugs (8.3% decrease per IOR). Recent results from an intervention study

with air filtration in the homes of elderly residents showed that the achieved PM2.5 decrease in the bedroom was significantly associated with improved MVF within 2 days mainly in subjects not taking any vasoactive or other drugs suggesting that the drugs might mask such short-term effects (Karottki et al., 2013). The association between the 2-day mean of outdoor PNC levels and lower MVF is consistent with the notion that short-term exposure Amino acid to diesel combustion-related particles with exercise promoted endothelial dysfunction (Langrish et al., 2012 and Miller et al., 2012). Moreover, two short-term intervention studies with filtration of indoor air resulting in 60–70% decrease in indoor PNC and/or PM2.5 for 2–7 days, in areas with either traffic or wood smoke pollution, showed increased MVF in the subjects, including elderly people (Allen et al., 2011 and Brauner et al., 2008a). However, a third air filtration study among young healthy subjects showed no effect on MVF (Weichenthal et al., 2013). No effect of 24-hour exposure to air from a busy street, with a PNC of around 10,000 particles/cm3, was found on MVF in young healthy adults (Brauner et al., 2008b).

In Experiment 1, we showed that performance dropped with 11 branc

In Experiment 1, we showed that performance dropped with 11 branches compared to 6 branches, thus providing evidence that children detect and use the information provided by the one-to-one correspondence between branches and puppets. However, owing to the small sample size, the performance of this group alone did not reveal whether subset-knowers are at

all able to reconstruct large exact numbers of objects, when one-to-one correspondence cues are not informative. We thus administered the 11-branch condition to the participants of Experiment 2 as well, in an effort to increase the sample. Here we present the data pooled for all participants in Experiments 1 and 2. The 11-branch condition was identical to Experiment 1 (no transformation), this website except that the sets of 5 or 6 puppets were now placed on a tree with 11 branches, thus making a difference of one puppet harder to detect. Children received two trials in the 11-branch condition (one with 5 puppets, one with 6 puppets), after completion of the two trials of Experiment 1 or 2. In total, 36 subset-knowers (16 female, mean age 34.08 months,

32:06–35:26) contributed data for both set sizes (5 and 6 puppets): 13 participants from Experiment 1, 13 participants from the puppet addition/subtraction condition in Experiment 2, and 10 participants from the branch addition/subtraction condition in Experiment 2. Fig. 6 presents children’s performance in this experiment. There was no difference between the subgroups CSF-1R inhibitor of children who had

previously participated in different experiments or conditions ( ps>.24,ηp2s<.09 for the main effect and interaction involving Subgroup) so the data were pooled across these experiments and conditions. Children’s performance Dichloromethane dehalogenase was opposite in direction to the correct pattern: they searched longer in the trial in which no puppet should have remained in the box (5-puppet trial) than in the trial in which one puppet should have remained (6-puppet trial), F  (1, 33) = 4.4, p   = .043, ηp2=.12. This seemingly counterintuitive result appears to be an effect of the feedback received on the first trial: on the second trial, children tended to align their searches with this feedback. Hence, children tended to search less after a first trial with 5 puppets, in which no further search was warranted (3072 ms searching with 5 puppets followed by 887 ms searching with 6 puppets); in contrast, the searching time increased slightly after a first trial with 6 puppets, in which the feedback had shown one puppet to be missing (1467 ms searching with 6 puppets followed by 1874 ms searching with 5 puppets). This pattern resulted in an interaction between Set Size and Trial Order, F  (1, 34) = 5.7, p   = .023, ηp2=.14.

All sites chosen had vegetation coverage adequate to localize BN

All sites chosen had vegetation coverage adequate to localize BN plants of all sizes, including seedlings. We avoided recently abandoned crops because of their excessively dense and entangled vegetation.

However, we sampled fallows older than ten years because they already show some stratification and, like the active crops, make the census easier to conduct. We also included some sites currently used as pastures. Pastures, an integral part of the local landscape, often succeed crops. The pastures are planted not only for cattle, but also as a grazing area for horses, donkeys, and mules, animals that represent a useful work force during the BN harvest and other daily activities. The information obtained from the interviews about the number of cultivation cycles was later confirmed using a temporal sequence of Landst5 satellite images that were available check details with minimum cloud coverage above the studied sites. We used the multi-spectral TM sensor, comprising bands 5R4G3B

of the 226/060 scene from 1985, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999/2000, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008 images. The 2008 image was georeferenced with ground truth points collected during fieldwork (GPS Garmin 60 CS×), and the previous images were georeferenced based on the current one and adjusted using natural and man-made landscape features until a root-mean-square error lower than one pixel size was attained. Our informers reported accurately about the last, penultimate and ante-penultimate agricultural use cycles on their fields. However, information prior to the ante-penultimate cycle occasionally sounded vague or divergent. At the same time, the limited EGFR inhibitor temporal sequence of available images could not confirm cultivation patterns with certainty beyond the ante-penultimate cultivation cycle. For that reason, we restricted the number of cultivation cycles to those events of one, two and three or more cultivation cycles we were able to distinguish. Fallow sites were also classified according to the number of previous slash-and-burn Decitabine molecular weight cycles. We added one more cycle to the total for the site in cases of fallows having signs of prior disturbance

verified in the oldest available image (light-green pixel sensor response in the 1985 scene). We used a different counting method for pasture cycles. Because active pastures are burned repeatedly every two or three years, they never develop the vegetation coverage needed to support the natural disperser activity (Silvius and Fragoso, 2003). As chronically disturbed sites (Uhl et al., 1988), pastures were counted as a single continuous cycle from their establishment in the forest or as a second or third cycle if located in sites previously used for SC. In view of that adjustment, we sampled nine sites in a first-use cycle (established directly after clearance of mature forest), nine sites in a second-use cycle (one previous fallow), and 22 sites after three or more cultivation cycles (two or more previous fallows).

Despite the slight etching obtained by 24% H2O2 after 1-minute ex

Despite the slight etching obtained by 24% H2O2 after 1-minute exposure, it was sufficient to produce bond strength similar to that obtained with higher concentrations or longer application times. It is important to note that all treatments with H2O2 exposed the fibers without damaging them. Dissolution of the epoxy resin probably relies on an electrophilic attack of the H2O2 to the cured secondary amine (20). Thus, the spaces created between the fibers provide conditions Nutlin-3a cell line for the micromechanical interlocking of the resin adhesive with the post. Furthermore, the exposed fibers become available to chemically bond to the adhesive through the silane

agent. It has been documented that the use of peroxides during endodontic procedures might compromise the adhesive cementation of posts (21). This

effect is attributed to the presence of residual oxygen into dentinal tubules interfering with the polymerization of the adhesive resin (22). However, the use of peroxide over the fiber post increased the bond strengths. The deleterious effect Obeticholic Acid nmr of the peroxide was probably not observed because of the absence of residual oxygen into the post structure. Another important observation was the absence of cohesive failures within the resin composite during the microtensile test. The high flow of the resin used in this study probably allowed a close contact between the resin and the post, reducing the presence of voids (23). It is reasonable to expect that higher peroxide concentrations require shorter times to properly Vitamin B12 etch the fiber posts. However, the present results show that a relatively low concentration of H2O2 (24%) used in a feasible clinical time (1 minute) generated bond strength similar to that obtained with a higher concentration (50%) applied for longer times (5 and 10 minutes). H2O2 is frequently used in dental practice, mainly for dental bleaching,

and is easy and safe to use. Based on the results of this study, the lower concentration (24%) of H2O2 used for only 1 minute is preferable in clinical use. The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study. “
“Due to a publication error, in Table 3 of the article titled “Root Canal Preparation of Maxillary Molars With the Self-adjusting File: A Micro-computed Tomography Study” by Ove A. Peters and Frank Paqué published in J Endod 2011;37:53–57, the values for canal transportations were stated as mm. The actual values for canal transportation should have been in μm. “
“The affiliation and address of the corresponding author for the article, “Genetic Predisposition to Persistent Apical Periodontitis” by Morisani et al (J Endod 37:455-9, 2011) were incorrectly provided. The correct affiliation and address are: From the Department of Endodontics, Case Western Reserve School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.

Further, this virus is amenable to assays in a 96-well format wit

Further, this virus is amenable to assays in a 96-well format with excellent Z′-factors, can be used at very low infectious doses if required, has modest instrument requirements, and was successfully used to

Antidiabetic Compound Library concentration assess the effect of both antibodies and siRNAs directed against EBOV in a proof-of-concept study. Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney, ATCC CRL-1586) (Earley and Johnson, 1988) and 293 (human embryonic kidney) cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM; Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Life Technologies), 2 mM l-glutamine (Q; Life Technologies), and 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 g/ml streptomycin (PS; Life Technologies) and grown at 37 °C with 5% CO2. An

additional transcriptional unit was inserted into a full-length clone plasmid (pAmp-rgEBOV) (Shabman et al., 2013) containing a cDNA copy of the EBOV genome (strain Mayinga, accession Tofacitinib clinical trial number AF086833.2) using standard cloning techniques (Fig. 1A). The open reading frame for a codon-optimized Firefly luciferase (luc2, Promega) or eGFP was then inserted into this additional transcriptional unit. Detailed cloning strategies can be found as Supplementary material. Rescue was performed as previously described (Hoenen et al., 2012). Briefly, Vero cells were transfected with 250 ng of full-length clone plasmid and expression plasmids for the EBOV proteins NP (125 ng), VP35 (125 ng), VP30 (75 ng) and L (1000 ng) as well as T7 polymerase (125 ng). 24 h post transfection the medium was exchanged, and 7 days post-transfection 1 ml of supernatant was

passaged onto fresh Vero cells for growth of a virus stock. This stock was harvested upon development of CPE. The genomes of the rescued viruses were fully sequenced, with no unwanted mutations being identified. Stock titers were determined by CPE-based TCID50 assay (see below). Infections were performed as previously described (Hoenen et al., 2012). For time-course analysis of luciferase expression infections were performed in 6-well format on Niclosamide ice, and the supernatant was removed and cells scraped into 1 ml cold PBS at the indicated time-points after shifting the cells to 37 °C. 400 μl of these cells were spun down for 5 min at 1000g and 4 °C, and the pellet was resuspended in 200 μl 1x passive lysis buffer (Promega). Luciferase activity was measured in a GloMax-Multi Microplate Multimode Reader (Promega) 10 min after adding 100 μl lysate (equivalent to approximately 200,000 cells) to an equal amount of BrightGlo (Promega) in an opaque white 96-well plate.

70; SE =  24); therefore, the two tasks are analyzed separately

70; SE = .24); therefore, the two tasks are analyzed separately. A 2 × 3 repeated measures ANOVA

with the factors Side of Presentation (Temporal, Nasal), and Eye Position (Frontal, Abducted 20, Abducted 40) revealed no significant main effects (Side of Presentation: p = .944, η2 = 0.00; Eye Position: p = .666, η2 = 0.031). The interaction was also not statistically significant (p = .408, η2 = 0.067). The same repeated measures ANOVA was performed for Corsi spans. The main effect of Side of Presentation was not statistically significant (p = .702, η2 = 0.012), and likewise, the main effect of Eye Position (p = .862, η2 = 0.011). The interaction between Side of Presentation and Eye Position was also not significant (p = .759, η2 = 0.021). Planned comparisons (paired samples t-tests) showed no difference in span in the two frontal conditions (Frontal Nasal: M = 4.80, SE = .29; Frontal Temporal: M = 4.70, SE = .26; t(13) = 0.74; Selleckchem Lumacaftor p = .474), the two Abducted 20 conditions (Abducted 20 Nasal: M = 4.66, SE = .26; Abducted 20 Temporal: M = 4.66, SE = .26; t(13) = 0.00; VX-770 solubility dmso p = 1) or the two Abducted 40 conditions (Abducted 40 Nasal: M = 4.68, SE = .25; Abducted 40 Temporal: M = 4.70, SE = .30; t(13) = 0.111; p = .913). To establish that Corsi span was impaired only

during the maintenance stage of the task but not during retrieval, Experiments 2 and 3 were directly compared using a post hoc repeated measures ANOVA with a between-participants factor. A 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA was conducted with Eye Position (Frontal, Abducted 40), Side of Presentation (Temporal, Nasal), and Processing Stage (Maintenance and Retrieval, Retrieval only) specified as factors. The three-way interaction was significant (F(1, 26) = 4.48; p = 0.044; η2 = 0.147) with Corsi span significantly reduced in the Abducted 40 Temporal condition only when there was a task requirement to rehearse spatial memoranda (Experiment 2), but not during retrieval alone (Experiment 3). There was found to be no effect of 40° or 20° eye-abduction on memory

span when participants were in the abducted position only during the retrieval stage of the Corsi Blocks task. As in previous experiments, performance on the Visual Patterns test was also unaffected. These results enable Sucrase us to discount the possibility that placing participants in a 40° abducted Eye Position may have interfered with the element of retrieval in the Corsi task in which participants moved a mouse in order to select the memorized locations on a screen. Experiment 3 also clearly demonstrates that involvement of the oculomotor system is not a critical component in the retrieval of directly-indicated spatial locations in working memory, provided that participants are able to encode and maintain the locations under circumstances in which oculomotor preparation remains physically possible.