The level of significance that a PC had on a variable can be noted via the loading plots in Supplementary Fig. 3(A and B), which showed the load that each set of data places on the PC. PC1 corresponds to the processing type (in natura, processed or oxidised), and these variables explained 75.8% of the variance among the samples, indicating that this processing type has a great effect on all compounds. The variable growing location, represented as PC2 Nutlin3 (vertical axis) explains 16% of the variance,

in which it was possible to observe that the leaves of sun- and shade-exposed were clustered in different places in this PC axis ( Supplementary Fig. 3A). PC1 was plotted against PC3 (Supplementary Fig. 3B), with corresponds to leaf age and explained 5.8% of the variance. Thus, leaf age had little CDK inhibitor influence on the variation of data. The data of the PCA analysis successfully explain the variance between the samples and one can associate the

PC1, PC2 and PC3 with the variables between the 12 studied samples. The variables that contribute to the variability of the data followed the order: processing type > location growing > leaf age. The DPPH free radical-scavenging activities of Ilex extracts are shown in Table 3. For each treatment, four concentrations (in μg/ml) were tested. The overall scavenging effect of each extract increased with concentration to a similar extent. No significant differences of activity were found between leaf age and growth site, but only with the process method. By comparing the treatments, the free radical-scavenging activity followed the order: processed > in natura > oxidised

leaves. Since this activity is directly related to the concentration of phenolics, the result is in accordance with the phenolic composition of processed leaves. In order to quantify the antioxidant activity, the EC50 was calculated and is shown in Table 3. The lower the EC50 value, the greater was the free radical-scavenging activity. EC values of the DPPH radical-scavenging activity ranged from 158 to 1439 μg/ml. Deladino, Anbinder, Navarro, and Martino (2008) found EC50 to be 0.72 ± 0.09 for liquid extract and 1.05 ± 0.25 for freeze-dried SSR128129E Maté extract. The standard BTH gave rise to a scavenging effect of 92% at a concentration of 200 μg/ml, with the EC50 at 37.8 μg/ml. The antioxidant activity data of the Ilex extracts showed that the absorbance decreased rapidly in the samples without antioxidant, whereas in the presence of an antioxidant the colour was retained for a longer time. BHT, the positive control used in this test, had 92% antioxidant activity at 200 μg/ml. The LPO inhibition by Ilex extracts increased with concentration and as with the DPPH, the processed leaves had a greater antioxidant activity (69%) ( Table 3). Several investigations on Maté compounds were carried out previously using HPLC.

Milk-clotting

agents belonging to these three classes of enzymes have been reported. Corrons, Bertucci, Liggieri, López, and Bruno (2012) reported the presence of serine proteases with caseinolytic and milk-clotting activities in latex of Maclura pomifera fruits. Also, it has been shown that religiosin B is a serine protease ( Kumari et al., CDK inhibitor 2012). Cysteine proteases from B. hieronymi fruits with milk-clotting ability were also described ( Bruno et al., 2010). Chymosin and milk-clotting enzymes from C. cardunculus flowers and Strebus aspler twigs are aspartic proteases ( Heimgartner et al., 1990, Llorente et al., 2004 and Senthilkumar et al., 2006). M. oleifera flowers contain caseinolytic and milk-clotting www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-0332991-palbociclib-isethionate.html activities. The data showed that PP contains a mixture of aspartic, cysteine, serine and Ca2+-dependent proteases. Caseinolytic and milk clotting activities showed slightly different sensitivities to pH treatment. A heat dependent activation of proteolytic activities from PP was also demonstrated. From the perspective of food treatment and engineering, PP is a new source of proteases with potential use for cheese production, since it promotes extensive hydrolysis of κ-casein and low degradation of αs- and β-caseins. The authors express their gratitude to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for research grants and fellowships (RSB, LCBBC and PMGP),

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE)

for research grants. E.V. Pontual and B.E.A. Carvalho would like to thank FACEPE for graduate scholarships. T.H. Napoleão would like to thank CAPES for graduate scholarship. We thank Maria Barbosa Reis da Silva and João Antônio Virgínio for technical assistance and Felix Nonnenmacher for English editing. “
“Pumpkins, which are the fruits of different species Chlormezanone of the genus Cucurbita, are cultivated worldwide for their pulp and seeds for human nutrition, either for direct consumption or for preparation of other foods such as syrups, jellies, jams, and purees. According to estimations by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), world production of pumpkins in 2007 was over 20 million tons, especially in China, India, Russia, United States, and Egypt ( FAOSTAT, 2008). Pumpkin pulp has large amounts of carotenoids, which are pigments that derive from isoprene and that give flowers, leaves, and fruits a colouration that ranges from yellow to red (Oliver & Palou, 2000). Besides the pro-vitamin A activity of some carotenoids, such as β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and α-carotene, studies have also indicated that consumption of carotenoids lowers the risk of degenerative and cardiovascular diseases, cataracts, macular degeneration as well as certain types of carcinomas (Rao & Rao, 2007).

RAW264.7 cells (5 × 104 cells/mL) were incubated with or without RGSF (2.5 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, and 20 μg/mL) for 10 min and irradiated (10 Gy) using a blood γ irradiator and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Cells were then washed twice with PBS. Cells were incubated with or without selleck kinase inhibitor RGSF (2.5 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, and 20 μg/mL) for 10 min and stimulated

with LPS (0.1 μg/mL) for 24 h. Cytokine levels in the culture supernatant were evaluated using an IL-1β ELISA kit following the manufacturer’s protocol (BD, Franklin Lakes, CA, USA). RAW264.7 cells (2 × 106 cells/mL) were transfected with 10 μg plasmid containing NF-κB-Luc, AP-1-Luc, and TK-renilla-Luc using electrophoresis according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Neon Transfection System; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The cells were used for experiments 24 h after transfection. Luciferase assay was performed using the Luciferase Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA)

as reported previously [14]. After the indicated treatment in RAW264.7 cells was terminated, total proteins were prepared using Pro-prep lysis buffer (iNtRON, Seoul, Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Concentrations LBH589 of the extracted proteins were determined using a Bradford protein assay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA); 50 μg proteins were separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The blots were blocked with Tris-buffered saline and Tween 20 containing 5% skimmed milk (Blotto; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and probed with primary antibody diluted in 5% bovine serum albumin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). The immunoblots were incubated with horseradish peroxidase secondary antibody, and antibody binding was visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL Plus Western Thiamine-diphosphate kinase Blotting Detection Reagent GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK).

Data were represented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of at least three independent experiments, performed in triplicate. Student’s t test was carried out to analyze the statistical significance between the groups using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. To determine whether IR could enhance the NO-producing capability of signals of LPS, RAW264.7 cells were first irradiated with different doses of radiation (0 Gy, 2.5 Gy, 5 Gy, 10 Gy, and 20 Gy; 2.5 Gy/min) and then left without further treatment or exposed to LPS (0.1 μg/mL) for 24 h postirradiation. As shown in Fig. 1A, increased NO production was observed in irradiated cells in response to LPS at doses as low as 2.5 Gy. Meanwhile, treatment with radiation alone did not induce measurable NO production (data not shown). The maximal effect of radiation was observed at 20 Gy.

56, p < 0.001), the plasma concentration for Hg (rs = 0.40, p = 0.004), and the urine concentration for Hg (rs = 0.39, p = 0.005), In (rs = 0.57, p < 0.001), Pb (rs = 0.42, p = 0.001), and V (rs = 0.32, p = 0.02). At sampling occasion 2, the concentration in the inhalable fraction correlated with concentrations of Pb and SB in both blood (rs = 0.64, p = 0.001; rs = 0.49, p = 0.019, respectively) and urine (rs = 0.76, p < 0.001; rs = 0.49, p = 0.017, respectively), and with the concentration of In (rs = 0.48, p = 0.019) in plasma. The results of this study show that recycling workers in three Swedish

e-waste plants were exposed to higher air concentrations of all analyzed metals than were office workers in the same plants. Using exposure Bioactive Compound Library cell line biomarkers, we detected elevated internal doses of Cd, Cr, Hg, In and Pb in the recycling workers compared to the office workers. Correlation analysis of metals in the inhalable fraction and exposure

Akt inhibitor in vivo biomarkers (blood, plasma and urine) showed close to linear correlations also for Sb and V, besides Hg, In, and Pb, supporting occupational exposure to multiple metals at e-waste recycling work, even in modern plants with adequate protection routines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the formal recycling of e-waste, evaluating multiple elements in both air and exposure biomarkers. Indium is used in electronics, mostly in flat screens as indium-tin oxide (ITO), but little is known of its toxicity and carcinogenicity to humans (Fowler, 2009). Indium 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase concentrations in blood, plasma, and urine of the recycling

workers were approximately twice as high as those of the office workers, and the concentrations seemed to increase with increasing concentrations in the inhalable fraction. Indium was the only metal in the inhalable fraction that was significantly higher for dismantling than for either the other two work task categories. This might be attributed to the fact that ITO is used as a thin film in different types of displays, mostly LCDs. Dismantling was also the only work category in which workers came in direct contact with different types of displays, both whole and shattered ones, when recycling the units. No such task-specific difference was seen for the exposure biomarkers; however, recycling workers had about twice as high In concentrations in all biomarkers compared to the office workers. In workers producing, using, and reclaiming ITO in Japan, the United States, and China, blood concentrations of In were found to be above 5 μg/l (Cummings et al., 2012 and Cummings et al., 2013). That is considerably higher than in the recycling workers in the present study with a median of 6 ng/l and maximum of 0.1 μg/l. Since flat screens are rapidly increasing, the continued monitoring of recycling workers for In exposure is important. The previous studies indicated lung effects at a concentration of 3 μg/l In in the blood (Cummings et al., 2012).

02, MSE = 1077.04, p < .02. More importantly, for exogenous-task trials, the interaction between the Interruption and Conflict factors was reliably larger in the exo/endo than in the exo/endo–noconflict condition, F(1, 38) = 7.52, MSE = 2856.74, p < .01. Combined, this pattern suggests that while the cost-asymmetry is not completely contingent on the presence of conflict during encoding the alternate

task, such conflict does boost interference to a substantial degree. For sake of completeness, we had also included a group that experienced both conflict and no-conflict click here trials in the endogenous task, but only no-conflict trials in the exogenous task. Given that here participants had experience with the endogenous task in the presence of exogenous conflict, we again expected A-1210477 nmr a clear cost-asymmetry pattern, which however could be evaluated only for the no-conflict trials (again because of the “incomplete” design). In fact, the cost asymmetry for this condition was highly reliable,

F(1, 19) = 42.45, MSE = 1445.88, p < .001. As for the endogenous condition, there was a highly reliable conflict effect, F(1, 19) = 32.46, MSE = 15152.01, p < .001, but neither the interruption effect, F(1, 19) = .22, nor the interaction with the conflict factor, F(1, 19) = .30, were reliable. This pattern was similar to that for the corresponding conditions in the all-conflict Calpain condition, with the one exception that the overall conflict effect was larger when conflict was only experienced in the endogenous condition, F(1, 19) = 5.48, MSE = 9311.01, p < .05. This difference was not expected. However, we note that comparisons with the equivalent conditions in Experiments 2 and 3 indicate that this effect may have less to do with a particularly large endogenous-task conflict

effect in the exo–noconflict/endo condition than with an unusually small effect in the exo/endo condition of this experiment. A key result of the previous experiment was that the cost-asymmetry after interruptions was particularly strong when the non-dominant, endogenous task had to be performed under conditions of conflict. We believe that this result is critical to understanding the cost-asymmetry. After all, a key difference between the dominant and the non-dominant task is that, per definition, processing in the dominant task suffers much less conflict. Thus, the presence of conflict is a necessary condition for the encoding of the very memory traces that are responsible for the post-interruption costs when performing the dominant task. However, this raises the additional question what it is about experiencing conflict from the exogenous task while performing the non-dominant task that is responsible for strong cost asymmetry.

Alternatively, these changes can be calculated by the stock change method as the change in stocks between two consecutive inventories. In NFIs, changes in growing stock are often quantified in terms of the volume of stem wood (merchantable). For the Greenhouse Gas Inventory, this change in volume is multiplied by constants (biomass expansion factors) to convert from stem wood volume to whole tree biomass and then CO2 equivalents

(e.g., see Formula (5)). Another approach is to directly estimate the biomass per tree fraction by applying biomass regression equations (BiEqs) to sample trees and then converting the biomass to CO2 equivalents by scaling (see, for example, Formula (1); Somogyi et al., 2007). When estimating changes in living biomass at a national scale, it is usually difficult to obtain a reliable value for selleck chemicals the whole tree biomass

from the stem volume because stem proportion increases with tree size at the expense of branches, foliage, stump and roots (Fig. 1). Hence, the use of biomass expansion factors (BEFs) may http://www.selleckchem.com/products/at13387.html lead to biased estimates because BEFs vary with tree size (age, etc.) and tree populations change over time (e.g., Satoo and Madgwick, 1982, Albrektson and Valinger, 1985 and Pajtík et al., 2011). When using the stock change method, to reduce the risk of bias BEFs should reflect the actual change in stock by incorporating the accumulation of growth per tree fraction with the effects of harvest and natural thinning patterns in one constant. Such BEFs can be derived but need to be updated if the allocation of growth and harvest patterns change. For practical reasons, instead of representing the actual change in stock, BEFs are often derived for the standing stock, which introduces an unknown bias into the estimates. To reduce the risk of bias, age-dependent (e.g., Lehtonen et al., 2004, Lehtonen et al., 2007 and Tobin and Nieuwenhuis, 2007) or volume-dependent (e.g., Schroeder et al., 1997 and Fang et al., 2001) BEFs have been developed, which enable the ratio of whole tree biomass to stem volume

to change with tree size. Levy et al. (2004) performed Loperamide regression and variance analyses of BEFs and found that tree height was a better predictor than age. Therefore, in summary, there is a growing body of evidence that estimates based on BEFs are not constant but vary with tree, site and stand conditions (e.g., Jalkanen et al., 2005 and Guo et al., 2010). Currently, BEFs are frequently used for greenhouse gas reporting because the volumes of growing stock and stem-wood growth are usually the most reliable estimates in traditional forest inventories. However, only a few investigations have assessed the magnitude of potential error that may be introduced if the BEFs are incorrect (e.g., Lehtonen et al., 2007 and Albaugh et al., 2009).

To this end pooled nasal secretions, collected and prepared as described in Section 2.8, were mixed with different concentrations of PG545 and ∼105 PFU of RSV, and incubated for 15 min at 37 °C. Comparative analysis of infectious titers of survived virus (Table 5) revealed that human nasal secretions selleck inhibitor decreased RSV infectivity by ∼4.4-fold. Moreover, human nasal secretions reduced anti-RSV activity of PG545. This effect was clearly seen at a concentration of 10 μg/ml of PG545 that completely inhibited (⩾99.98%) RSV infectivity in the absence of nasal secretions

but reduced the RSV titer by 60.4% in the presence of this body fluid. The inhibitory effect of nasal secretions on anti-RSV activity of PG545 was not detected at concentrations ⩾100 μg/ml. The IC50 values for PG545, calculated based

on data shown in Table 5, were 7 and 0.6 μg/ml when tested in the presence and absence of nasal secretions, respectively. This suggests that under experimental conditions described above ∼11 times more of PG545 would be required to overcome inhibitory effect of nasal secretions. We found that the anti-RSV activity of polysulfated oligosaccharides was greatly improved following their conjugation with cholestanol, a derivative of cholesterol, a molecule that is a frequent component of antimicrobial Wnt inhibitor review lipids of airway secretions (Do et al., 2008). In addition to improved IC50 values, this modification endowed oligosaccharides with virucidal activity, a feature that seems

to be of importance in possible clinical application of GAG mimetics. This possibility is supported by observation that polysulfonated compound PRO2000, a linear polymer of relatively hydrophobic naphthalene 2-sulfonate, exhibited virucidal activity when tested with HSV (Cheshenko et al., 2004) and provided some protection of women against HIV (Cohen, 2009). In contrast, sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides such as cellulose sulfate or carrageenan that exhibited little or no virucidal activity (Carlucci et al., 1999 and Cheshenko et al., 2004) failed in large clinical trials to protect women against HIV infection (Van de Wijgert and Shattock, 2007 and Cohen, 2008) in spite of their potent antiviral activity in cultured cells. The most active glycoside PG545, an anticancer drug candidate currently in Phase I clinical trials (Dredge et al., 2011), composed Dipeptidyl peptidase of cholestanol conjugated to polysulfated maltotetraose, inhibited RSV infection of HEp-2 cells with an IC50 value of 2.2 μg/ml while the 50% cytotoxic dose of this compound was 230 μg/ml. The structural design of PG545 is to some extent similar to that of NMSO3, a glycoside known for its potent anti-RSV activity (Kimura et al., 2000). This glycoside is composed of polysulfated mono-sialic acid conjugated to two alkyl chains of C22H45 as the lipophilic aglycone component, and its IC50 value for RSV Long strain ranged from 0.3 (Kimura et al., 2000) to 6 μg/ml (Wyde et al.

The fat accumulation area is important in relation to the onset of MtS [30] because released FFA from abdominal adipocytes are directly transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein, resulting in a decrease in insulin clearance and an increase in the synthesis of triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein GSK2118436 mouse [31]. Therefore, the movement and

accumulation effect of lipids by E2 are important for a proper understanding of the lipid metabolic process. The effects of E2 on lipolysis are different between subcutaneous adipocytes and abdominal adipocytes. For example, E2 treatment decreased the level of lipolysis in the adipocytes, which mediated an increased number of α2A–adrenergic receptors, whereas E2 treatment did not show any effect on the lipolysis

of the abdominal adipocytes [32]. In addition, abdominal adipocytes showed a low level of α-adrenoreceptors and a high level of β-adrenoreceptors when compared to the level of β-adrenoreceptors in subcutaneous adipocytes [33]. These differences in the ratio with regard to the adrenoreceptor type may help to explain differences in gender-dependent spatial fat accumulation. In the present study, the positive relationship between the concentrations of E2 and FFA may have been due to the fasting times and the lowered E2 levels of the postmenopausal women in the present study design. Because blood samples were collected after 8 h of overnight fasting, the migration effect of FFA by lipoprotein lipase from the circulatory system to the adipocytes can be ignored. However, it was possible to infer that genome independent lipolysis by E2 could Gemcitabine supplier stimulate HSL and inositol triphosphate activities. Even though it is well known that Rg3 acts as the ligand of ERs and Rg3 was a high ratio of ginsenosides in this study, the effect of E2 on FFA did not show a significant difference between the groups. Djurhuus et al [34] reported that when a physiologically high level of cortisol was injected into

the adipose tissue, the level of blood FFA increased by 60%, as mediated by lipolysis stimulation. In the final model here, the path coefficient value of cortisol on FFA was positive (p = 0.002) in the placebo group, whereas the path coefficient value was negative (p = 0.082) in the FRG group. Therefore, it may Linifanib (ABT-869) be presumed that CK consumption acts as a competitive inhibitor with cortisol of the GR in this study. In a postprandial state, insulin is released and suppresses the functions of HSL and lipolysis in adipocytes. In a fasting state, however, the level of insulin decreases, and the levels of cortisol and growth hormone increase, which in turn stimulates the expression of HSL [35]. The proper expression of HSL is important in the regulation of blood glucose. HSL-deficient mice cannot release a proper level of FFA and thus enter into an insulin-resistant state [36]. However, in the present study, the growth hormone and FFA showed a significant negative relationship.

The pattern of results changed, though, in later measures. Here, reading time on the target increased more in the proofreading block when checking for wrong words (Experiment 2) than when checking for nonwords (Experiment 1) for total time on the target (b = 191.27, t = 3.88; see Fig. 2) but not significantly AUY-922 in go-past time (t < .32). There was no significant interaction between task and experiment on the probability of fixating or regressing into the target (both ps > .14) but there was a significant interaction on the probability

of regressing out of the target (z = 2.92, p < .001) with a small increase in regressions out of the target in Experiment 1 (.07 in reading compared to .08 in proofreading) and a large effect in Experiment 2 (.09 in reading compared to .18 in proofreading). These data confirm that the proofreading task in Experiment 2 (checking for real, but inappropriate words for the

context) was more difficult than the proofreading task in Experiment Nintedanib manufacturer 1 (checking for nonwords). Early reading time measures increased more in Experiment 1 than Experiment 2, suggesting that these errors were easier to detect upon initial inspection. However, in later measures, reading time increased more in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1, suggesting these errors often required a subsequent inspection to detect. Let us now consider these data in light of the theoretical framework laid out in the Introduction. Based on consideration of five component processes central to normal reading—wordhood assessment, form validation, content access, integration, and word-context validation—and how different types of proofreading

are likely to emphasize or de-emphasize each of these component Teicoplanin processes, this framework made three basic predictions regarding the outcome of our two experiments, each of which was confirmed. Additionally, several key patterns in our data were not strongly predicted by the framework but can be better understood within it. We proceed to describe these cases below, and then conclude this section with a brief discussion of the differences in overall difficulty of the two proofreading tasks. Our framework made three basic predictions, each confirmed in our data. First, overall speed should be slower in proofreading than in normal reading, provided that errors are reasonably difficult to spot and that readers proofread accurately. The errors we introduced into our stimuli all involved single word-internal letter swaps expected a priori to be difficult to identify, and our readers achieved very high accuracy in proofreading—higher in Experiment 1 (95%) than in Experiment 2 (91%). Consistent with our framework’s predictions under these circumstances, overall reading speed (e.g., TSRT – total sentence reading time) was slower during proofreading than during normal reading in both experiments.

3), so the mechanisms for climatic effects remain uncertain. We were limited in our analysis

to using climate variables based on monthly data and, therefore, could not assess storminess which may better relate to allochthonous sediment transfer. Although it is widely known that short-term rainfall events can be a more dominant control on sedimentation, the data constrained us to only explore the potential influence of long term precipitation change which Crizotinib manufacturer would largely control cumulative runoff at coarse temporal scales. Process-based studies of lake catchments are needed to understand the mechanisms of how climate-driven changes may affect sedimentation and to differentiate between autochthonous production and allochthonous inputs. The lack sediment source discrimination is a major limitation of our study. The Spicer (1999) analyses for Vancouver Island and central to eastern Interior Plateau lakes included systematic, LOI-based estimates of organic content. Regression models by Spicer (1999) yielded better fits between land use and inorganic sedimentation,

suggesting that forestry activities may have elevated mineralogenic sediment delivery. It is important to note, however, that changing organic fractions could also influence composition trends and that organic sediment sources can be aquatic or terrestrial based. Significantly more sediment analyses would be needed for any possible attempt of such discrimination. Inconsistent LOI measurements from our other regional records showed that organic matter tended to increase up core. Such a trend could be associated with increased Compound C in vitro Chlormezanone autochthonous production or allochthonous inputs over time, both of which could be related to land use by nutrient or debris transfer. Alternatively, diagenesis could be influencing some of the sediment composition trends (e.g. decomposition of organics over time). To account for the potential effect of diagenesis or some other unknown linear control over time on the sediment records (Fig. 4) (e.g. a bias associated with the sampling or dating methods), we tried adding a

standardized time variable (interval year) as a fixed and random effect to our best models. For both the complete inventory and the Foothills-Alberta Plateau subset models, estimates of land use and temperature fixed effects were greatly reduced, although most remained as positive coefficients. Even with this addition of a linear trend in time, the continued inclusion of all fixed effect variables continued to yield better overall models (based on AIC), than with any combination removed. This could further support the land use and climate relations with sedimentation; however, those environmental changes are correlated with time and multicollinearity inhibited model interpretation. We noted that model fits were significantly improved with time included, suggesting that a highly time correlated process or methodological artifact remains undefined.