Here we report the bipolar doping of GaN1-xAsx with high As content to conductivities above 4 S/cm at room temperature using Mg or Te. The carrier type was confirmed by thermopower measurements. Doping requires an increase in Ga flux during growth resulting in a mixed phase material of polycrystalline selleck products GaAs:N embedded in amorphous GaN1-xAsx. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3657779]“
“Since prostate growth is governed by the androgen signaling pathway, blockade of the pathway is regarded as an

appropriate strategy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Panax ginseng is known to have various pharmacological activities. Of several products of its root, red ginseng, having many bioactive ginsenosides, is most popularly used in Korea, and recently has been reported to control the proliferation of cancer cells. We here tested the effect of

a water extract of Korean red ginseng (WKRG) on testosterone-induced prostate hyperplasia. WKRG (daily intraperitoneal injection) prevented prostate overgrowth and epithelial thickening induced by testosterone in rats, and suppressed a rat prostate kallikrein-S3. In human prostate cells, WKRG inhibited testosterone-induced cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle by inducing p21 and p27, and induced apoptosis. INCB028050 in vitro Testosterone-induced expression of human kallikrein-3 mRNA and activation of androgen receptor (AR) were effectively inhibited by WKRG. Of the major ginsenosides included in WKRG, 20(S)-Rg3 was identified to repress AR activity and to attenuate prostate cell growth during testosterone stimulation. Moreover, 20(S)-Rg3 downregulated AR by facilitating the degradation of AR protein. WKRG and 20(S)-Rg3 were found to have new pharmacological activities against GSK621 testosterone-induced prostate

overgrowth. Given that red ginseng has been used safely in Asia for 1000 years, red ginseng and 20(S)-Rg3 could be potential therapeutic regimens for treating BPH.”
“Over the last 20 years, nearly 5000 cases of differentiated thyroid cancer have been diagnosed and treated in the regions of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus in young people previously exposed to the Chernobyl radioactive fallout during childhood. At diagnosis, 60-70% of the Chernobyl-related paediatric thyroid cancers had clinically evident cervical lymph node metastases (N1) and 10-15% had distant metastases (M1). Despite early reports suggesting that the paediatric thyroid cancer cases that developed after exposure to Chernobyl fallout were particularly aggressive, it now seems that the initial presentation and early clinical course of most of these cases are very similar to both non-radiation-associated paediatric thyroid cancers and thyroid cancers that arise after exposure to external beam irradiation.

Objective: This study examined

how overweight and nonoverweight youths adjust their level of eating as a function of their familiarity with their eating partner.

Design: Twenty-three overweight and 42 nonoverweight youths had the opportunity to play and eat with a friend (n = 26) or with an unfamiliar peer (n = 39). The dependent variables of interest were the amount of nutrient-dense and energy-dense foods children consumed and their total energy intake.

Results: Participants eating Selleck VX 770 with a friend ate substantially more than did participants eating with an unfamiliar peer. Furthermore, overweight youth, but not nonoverweight youth, who ate with an overweight partner (friend or unfamiliar peer) consumed more food than did overweight participants who ate with a nonoverweight eating partner. Matching of intake was greater between friends than between unfamiliar peers.

Conclusions: These results extend previous research by suggesting that the effect of the partners’ weight statuses may add to the facilitative effect of familiarity selleck chemicals and result in greater energy intake in overweight youth and their friends. Behavioral similarity among overweight youth may increase the difficulty of promoting longterm changes because the youths’ social network is likely to reinforce overeating. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials. gov as NCT00874055.

Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:282-7.”
“We investigate the role of lattice polarization in determination of induced carrier density at the n-type interface of LaAlO3 overlayer on SrTiO3 (001) by carrying out density-functional-theory calculations. When no oxygen vacancy or defect is present, the magnitude of polarization screening in the LaAlO3 layers is found to be correlated with the carrier charge induced at the interface. For the interfaces with less than seven LaAlO3 layers, the

density of induced carrier is smaller than 0.1 electrons per unit-cell and the electrostatic screening can be covered by the interface state consisting of Ti d(xy) state. When the overlayer becomes thicker, the extended bound state in the SrTiO3 side contributes to the charge screening. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3455877]“
“This study seeks to compare the small intestine submucosa (SIS) graft with 4SC-202 cost traditional colporrhaphy (TC) for surgical treatment of anterior vaginal prolapse.

Subjects were randomly assigned to SIS (n = 29) or to TC (n = 27) preoperatively and outcomes analyzed at 12 months postoperatively. The primary outcome was the absence of POP-Q stage a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand II prolapse, and secondary outcome was improvement in quality of life. Data were compared with independent samples or paired Student’s t test.

SIS group had 86.2% anatomic cure compared to 59.3% in TC (p = 0.03). SIS improved point Ba measurement significantly (-1.93 cm versus -1.37 cm, p = 0.02).

Based on minimum risk level criteria formulated by ATSDR, the consumption of PCB contaminated fish from the Itimbiri river poses a potential risk for humans. The POP levels in biota were not significantly related to the POP levels in sediments, and the BSAF concept (Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor) was found to be a poor predictor of the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of environmental pollutants in the present study. With increasing trophic levels, a significant Mizoribine order increase in PCB 95, 101, 110, 138, 146, 149, 153, 174, 180 & 187 and p,p’-DDT in Itimbiri and BDE 47 & 99 in Itimbiri, Aruwimi

& Lomami river basins was observed. Trophic magnification factors were higher than 1, indicating that biomagnification occurs through the tropical food web. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Phase transitions have been investigated for polycrystalline samples of Er1-xLuxFe2O4 (0 <= x <= Selleckchem Metabolism inhibitor 0.6). The magnetization measurements

for ErFe2O4 showed two-step phase transitions at about 220 and 250 K. The transition at 250 K is an antiferromagnetic transition and that at 220 K is a structural transition. However, two phase transitions do not occur for 0.2 <= x <= 0.6, but a thermoremanent magnetization is observed below 220 K. This indicates that there is no second phase transition for 0.2 <= x <= 0.6. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3061724]“
“Background: A subset of patients with heart failure (HF) and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) previously had EF <40%. We postulated that such “”recovered”" EF patients would be prevalent in a referral HF population and clinically distinct from those with persistently preserved or reduced EF.

Methods and Results: We identified all subjects with a clinical diagnosis of HF seen in the advanced heart disease practice at our center from March to October 2008.

Patients were classified into 1 of 3 groups based on retrospective review of the medical record: EF persistently >= 40% (HF-PEF), EF recovered to >= 40% (HF-REF) and low EF, <40% (HF-LEF). Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics were CA-4948 compared across groups using standard chi-square and analysis of variance tests. A total of 358 heart failure patients were identified, including 56 with HF-PEF, 121 with HF-REF, and 181 with HF-LEF. Compared with HF-PEF, HF-REF patients were younger with less atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and diabetes. Also, they tended to have lower systolic blood pressure, better renal function, and larger left ventricular diameter at end diastole. HF-REF patients were more similar to HF-LEF, but were younger and had lower rates of coronary artery disease. Of the 3 groups, HF-REF patients had the mildest reported HF symptoms and fewest previous HF hospitalizations.

06 + 0.15 eV. The current variation ratios [Delta J(g)/J(g)(0)] during constant voltage stressing were found to decrease with raising gate stress voltages for the trilayer stack in comparison with that [Delta J(g)/J(g)(0)] increase with raising gate stress voltages for the two-layer HfO2/SiO2 stack. Shallow

traps located in HfO2 were supposed to be major trapping centers within the trilayer stack. The proposed method of in situ oxidation during dc sputtering is of merit and low in process temperature. The trilayer dielectric stacks are an alternative option for nonvolatile memory application, especially under the consideration of low temperature limitation. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3120942]“
“Background: Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for infantile-onset Pompe disease effectively reduces the left ventricular (LV) mass. Dinaciclib This study sought to explore detailed process of LV reverse remodeling after ERT with the use of tissue Doppler and stain rate imaging.

Methods and Results: Nine infants and children with Pompe cardiomyopathy undergoing ERT for >= 1 year, as well as 36 healthy control subjects, were studied. Global

systolic and diastolic function was evaluated by peak systolic and early-diastolic velocity at mitral mTOR inhibitor annulus. Temporal systolic and diastolic dyssynchrony was evaluated by the coefficient of variation of the time from the QRS complex to peak systolic and early-diastolic strain rate among 12 LV segments. All pre-ERT patients had impaired global systolic and diastolic

function as well as increased regional dyssynchrony (P < .001 for each of all). During the regression of LV hypertrophy, all of these functional indices improved (P for trend < .001), with temporal diastolic dyssynchrony being a significant factor linking to LV mass index in multivariate analysis (P < .001).

Conclusions: ERT improved global LV function and dyssynchrony in Pompe patients. The relationship between LV mass and temporal diastolic dyssynchrony during reverse remodeling suggested a pathophysiologic role of dyssynchrony in Pompe cardiomyopathy. (J Cardiac Fail 2011;17:930-930″
“BackgroundIn order to replace petrochemicals by bio-based lignin products in high value-added selleck kinase inhibitor applications, a formic/acetic acid treatment was adapted to beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) for lignin extraction.

ResultsBeech wood particles were delignified at atmospheric pressure by a formic acid/acetic acid/water mixture. Cooking time and temperature were optimized for delignification, pulp yield and 2-furfural concentration. Response surface design analysis revealed that delignification yield increased with cooking time and temperature.

ConclusionThe multi-criteria optimization of delignification was used to find the ideal cooking conditions (5 h 07 min, 104.2 degrees C) to maximize delignification (70.5%) and pulp yield (58.7%) and, to a lesser extent, minimize 2-furfural production.

6%), (G2) cerebellum in 2/30(6.6%), (G3) supratentorial associated with seizures in 16/30 this website (53.3%), and (G4) supratentorial without seizures in 7/30 (23.3%). Surgical resection was performed in 26 out of 30 (86.6%) patients. The mean follow-up period was 4.1 years. Of 15 children followed-up with preoperative seizures, all were rendered seizure-free after surgery. Conclusions: For symptomatic solitary cavernous malformation, the treatment of choice is complete microsurgical

excision preceded by careful anatomical and functional evaluation. For multiple cavernous malformation or asymptomatic patients, the treatment modalities must be cautiously considered.”
“Purpose: The cytotoxic effects of hexane extracts of Cassia alata and Psidium guajava leaves were evaluated in OV2008 ovarian and Kasumi-1 leukemia cancer cell lines, respectively.

Methods: The cancer cells were exposed to various concentrations of either C. alata (100 – 180 mu g/ml) or P. guajava (100 – 500 mu g/ml) leaf extract for 24 h.

Following treatment, the cells were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to determine the cytotoxic effect of the extracts. C. alata extract was also analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results: C. alata and P. guajava extracts produced significant (p < 0.05) cytotoxicity in OV2008 and Kasumi-1 cell lines, respectively. The IC50 values were 160 mu g/ml for C. alata Z-DEVD-FMK and 200 mu g/ml for P guajava. Further, the cytotoxicity exhibited by C. alata might be attributable to the flavonoid, kaempferol, which was identified as a constituent of the extract.

Conclusion: The results suggest that further chemical analysis and mechanistic investigations should be conducted on P. guajava and C. alata extracts to validate their potential uses for anticancer therapy.”
“Background and objective: Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a unique disorder of the upper lobe, whereas emphysema is usually associated with lower lobe fibrosis. Although CPFE might increase the risk of lung cancer, the prevalence of CPFE in patients with lung cancer

and the incidence of lung cancer in patients with CPFE are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of CPFE in lung cancer patients and to assess the clinical features of these patients.

Methods: A total click here of 1143 patients with lung cancer were reviewed. Based on HRCT performed at diagnosis of lung cancer, patients were categorized into four groups: normal, emphysema, fibrosis and CPFE. The clinical characteristics of patients with CPFE were compared with those of the other groups.

Results: CPFE, emphysema and fibrosis were identified in 101 (8.9%), 404 (35.3%) and 15 (1.3%) patients with lung cancer, respectively. The median overall survival of CPFE patients (n = 101, 10.8 months) was significantly less than that of normal patients (n = 623, 53.0 months) or that of patients with emphysema alone (n = 404, 21.

Miscibility of components was assessed from glass transition temperature and is limited by the amount of PEA in the blend and by the content of c-caprolactam structural units in PEA. The effects of the content and type of PEA on their thermal stability and notched

impact strength were also investigated. The impact A769662 strength of the PVC blends reaches its maximum at an equimolar lactam to lactone units ratio in PEA; it decreases with increasing content of PEA in the blend. An admixture of a small amount of poly(epsilon-caprolactam) as a compatibilizer made it possible to prepare PEA-rich PVC blends, exhibiting twice as high notch impact strength, as compared to pure PVC. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: 826-833, 2009″
“The degree and depth of curing due to photopolymerization in a commercial dental resin

have been studied using photothermal radiometry. The sample consisted of a thick layer of resin on which a thin metallic gold layer was deposited, thus guaranteeing full opacity. Purely thermal-wave inverse problem techniques without the interference of optical profiles were used. Thermal depth profiles were obtained by heating the gold coating with a modulated laser beam and by performing a frequency scan. Prior to each frequency scan, photopolymerization was induced using a high power blue light emitted diode (LED). Due to the highly light dispersive nature JPH203 solubility dmso of dental resins, the polymerization process depends strongly on

optical absorption of the blue light, thereby inducing a depth dependent thermal diffusivity profile in the sample. A robust depth profilometric method for reconstructing the thermal diffusivity depth dependence on degree and depth of polymerization has been developed. The thermal diffusivity depth profile was linked to the polymerization kinetics.”
“The modeling of thermal decomposition process of ten natural fibers commonly used in polymer composite industry was performed by assuming a global model occurring within the entire degradation range with consideration of fiber LY2157299 inhibitor as one pseudocomponent. Malek method with activation energy values previously obtained was applied to the modeling process. Careful calculation and evaluation indicated that, within an acceptable error limit of 5%, RO(n > 1) model can be used to describe the degradation process of most selected fibers well. The other kinetic parameters used include activation energy range of 160-170 kJ/mol; parameter n in RO(n > 1) = (1 – alpha)” of 3-4; and In A between 35 and 42 In s(-1). Some condition limitations of the obtained model were also discussed. The model has practical significance in predicting fiber weight loss when the fiber is used in combination with engineering thermoplastics. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This study underscores the importance of recognizing the significant attributes of videos that engage the viewers. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“To prepare reverse-osmosis membranes with good permeation properties and good chlorine tolerance, polyamide (PA) composite membranes were prepared with a conventional interfacial buy CA3 polymerization method. Diamine compounds, including metaphenylene diamine (MPD), 2,6-diaminotoluene (2,6-DAT), 2,4-diaminotoluene, 3,4-diaminotoluene,

2,4-diaminoanisol, 4-chlorometaphenylene diamine, and N,N’-diphenylethyldiamine, were polymerized with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) or isophthaloyl chloride to form PA polymers. The polymers were then tested for chlorine tolerance and hydrophilicity. Among the diamines tested, 2,6-DAT and MPD were used for the formation of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes by their interfacial polymerization with TMC on the surface of microporous polysulfone supports. SC75741 purchase Their performance and chlorine tolerance were test under various conditions. The TFC membranes prepared from 2,6-DAT and TMC showed better chlorine tolerance than the membrane prepared from MPD and TMC, and the permeation properties of these membranes were comparable to each other. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals,

Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 1245-1252, 2011″
“For the first time a variety of foods, characterized by high antioxidant

activity, have been tested for the reactivity by which the system of antioxidants present in these foods competes for peroxyl radicals with poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The oxygraphic method we have used, on the basis of a rigorous kinetic model, permits to obtain the reactivity that is the Peroxyl Radical Trapping Efficiency (PRTE), beyond the Peroxyl Radical Trapping Capacity (PRTC) and to assign to each food characteristic values of these parameters, so facilitating AS1842856 nmr their inter-comparison. In the analyzed foods the PRTE/PRTC ratio spans more than one order of magnitude, so reflecting the quality of antioxidants present in foods. According to the PRTE values and on the basis of the serving size the ranking of antioxidant food efficiency in trapping peroxyl radicals was blueberry > red chicory > coffee > pineapple approximate to red wine >= orange approximate to dark chocolate approximate to apple >= tea > pomegranate. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Recently, we published the first postmarketing European experience with rufinamide (RUF) in a retrospective 12-week observational study. This follow-up report summarizes the long-term effectiveness and tolerability of RUF after 18 months for the same patient sample.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a new skin graft immobilization technique using multilayered polyurethane foam in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-six patients underwent a full-thickness skin graft. Multiple layers of a hydrocellular polyurethane foam dressing were used for skin graft immobilization. In addition, we created an in vitro skin graft model that allowed us to estimate immobilization pressure at the center and edges of skin grafts of various sizes.

RESULTS Overall mean graft survival was 88.9%. In the head and neck region ( 19 patients), mean graft survival was 93.6%. Based on the in vitro outcomes,

this technique supplies effective pressure (< 30 mmHg) to the center region of the

skin graft. CONCLUSIONS This multilayered polyurethane foam dressing is simple, safe, and effective for skin PX-478 graft immobilization.”
“The use of mild conditions to perform the entrapment of biomolecules in polymeric matrices is a crucial step in a broad range of applications as biosensors, biocarrier-mediated facilitated transport membranes, and drug-controlled release devices. In this study, we investigated the crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by glutaraldehyde in the absence of an acid catalyst and organic solvents to improve the water resistance of the hydrophilic biocompatible ABT-888 solubility dmso polymer. Glutaralclehyde was chosen as the crosslinking agent because it favors the intermolecular reaction with PVA and is able to bind nonspecifically to proteins. The effects of the temperature and glutaraldehyde content on the thermal and structural properties of the PVA films were examined. Membranes prepared at 40 degrees C showed a maximum crosslinking density for low glutaraldehyde content www.sellecn.cn/products/btsa1.html namely, 0.04 wt % in the spreading solution. Higher amounts of the crosslinker led to the branching of PVA. The increase in membrane thermal

properties and reduction in crystallinity were ascribed to the crosslinking treatment, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The oxygen permeability of the films was reduced Lip to 2.7 times, which indicated that the crosslinking of the polymer was successfully accomplished. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 3074-3080, 2009″
“A model for the electric displacement hysteresis and strain butterfly loops of ferroelectric films under electrical loading is proposed based on an improved Preisach model for nonlinear remanent polarization. Our model shows improved displacement and strain versus electric field loops that agree reasonably well with the experimental data. Compared to the previous model, the current model, including the history-dependent electric field effect, which is always neglected in the conventional model, provides electric displacement and strain loops with a full and symmetric shape.

A pre-validated self- administered questionnaire was used to carry out the study.

Results: The mean age

of the participants was 24.61 +/- 5.51 years. A majority, 401 (87 %), identified osteoporosis correctly as a disease that makes bones weak and fragile. Lack of milk and dairy products were identified by majority of participants (74 %) as a risk factor for osteoporosis while being petite (24 %) and family history (34.5 %) were the least identified risk factors. Female showed statistically higher knowledge score than males (243.89 versus 216.12, p = 0.02). Ethnicity (Malay: 228.32, Chinese: 264.46, Indian: 194.04, Others: 236.94, p = 0.00) and type of education (Hybrid: 225.99, Arts: 182.21, Science: 286.23, p = 0.00) were factors that correlated significantly with knowledge and perceptions of osteoporosis.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates an urgent selleck compound need for the implementation of educational and awareness programs for university students belonging click here to various age groups. Such programs should be designed on the basis of the parameters of health belief model.”
“”"Juvenile Leaf Morpho-anatomical Characters of Eucalyptus globulus Labill ssp. bicostata (Maiden et al.) J. B. Kirkpat. (Myrtaceae)”". Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata, a tree member of Myrtaceae family, is acclimated in the extreme south of Brazil. Eucalyptol is the main component of the essential

oil, used as medicinal. The study of leaf morpho-anatomical characters about this subspecies was done in order to obtain new information. The leaf is ovate-oblong, mucronate apex, plain margin, opposite and sessile. It presents anomocytic stomata (hipostomatic leaf), uniseriate epidermis, thick cuticle and dorsiventral mesophyll. Secretory essential oil cavities are present in the mesophyll. The central vein is formed by one abaxial vascular bundle bigger than the two inverse adaxial vascular bundles. Vascular bundles, in majority, are bicolaterals, encircled

by a parenchymatic sheath containing idioblasts; with fenolic components. Subepidermal colenchymatic cells https://www.sellecn.cn/products/hsp990-nvp-hsp990.html surround each vascular bundles and central vein. It was noticed the presence of idioblasts with calcium oxalate of druses type. Ultrastructural analysis evidenced characteristics of epicuticular waxes.”
“Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive method to image conductivity distributions within a body. One promising application of EIT is to monitor ventilation in patients as a real-time bedside tool. Thus, it is essential that an EIT system reliably provide meaningful information, or alert clinicians when this is impossible. Because the reconstructed images are very sensitive to system instabilities (primarily from electrode connection variability and movement), EIT systems should continuously monitor and, if possible, correct for such errors. Motivated by this requirement, we describe a novel approach to quantitatively measure EIT data quality.

Forty-seven AR-13324 solubility dmso patients who presented to our ED were diagnosed with a PE. Clinical notes were missing for 3 cases, and 44 cases were analysed further. The mean age was 64.3 (+/- 16.8 SD) years and 24 (54.5 %, 95 % CI 40-68.3 %) were males. Six patients (13.6 %, 95 % CI 6.4-26.7 %) had a background of cancer. Fifteen cases (34.1 %, 95 % CI 21.9-48.7 %) were deemed to be low risk as they were categorised as PESI risk class I or II. Our study found that 61/420 (14.5 %, 95 % CI 11.5-18.2) of CTPAs done were positive for PE.

This study suggests that a significant

percentage of patients diagnosed with acute PE are low risk as per PESI and therefore potentially suitable for outpatient management.”
“P>Jasmonates (JAs) are lipid-derived regulators that play crucial roles in both host immunity and development. We recently identified the NAC transcription factor RIM1 as a host factor involved in multiplication of rice dwarf virus (RDV). Here, we report that RIM1 functions as

a transcriptional regulator of JA signaling and is degraded in response to JA treatment via a 26S proteasome-dependent pathway. Plants carrying rim1 mutations show a phenotype of root growth inhibition. The expression profiles of the mutants were significantly correlated with those of JA-treated wild-type plants without accumulation of endogenous JA, indicating that RIM1 functions as a component of JA signaling. The expression of genes encoding JA biosynthetic enzymes (lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase 2 (AOS2) and OPDA MCC950 concentration buy KU-55933 reductase 7 (OPR7)) was up-regulated in the rim1 mutants under normal conditions, and a rapid and massive accumulation of endogenous JA was detected in the mutants after wounding. These results suggest that RIM1 may

represent a new molecular link in jasmonate signaling, and may thereby provide new insights into the well-established coronatine-insensitive 1 (COI1)-Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) JA signaling pathway.”
“Background: Considerable discrepancy exists in the literature on the proposed benefits of protein supplementation on the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training in the elderly.

Objective: The objective was to assess the benefits of timed protein supplementation on the increase in muscle mass and strength during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men who habitually consume adequate amounts of dietary protein.

Design: Healthy elderly men (n = 26) aged 72 +/- 2 y were randomly assigned to a progressive, 12-wk resistance-type exercise training program with (protein group) or without (placebo group) protein provided before and immediately after each exercise session (3 sessions/wk, 20 g protein/session).